Solitons are a well-studied subject in many domains of nonlinear physics, including hydrodynamics, plasma physics, optics, etc. However, it has been demonstrated only recently that they can be realized in systems of microwave electronics. This review presents the results of analyzing theoretically the formation mechanisms of envelope solitons of two types. The first type is the self-induced transparency soliton, which is formed in the process of cyclotron-resonance interaction of electromagnetic pulses with initially rectilinear electron beams moving in a homogeneous magnetic field, and the relativistic dependence of the gyrofrequency on the particle energy is of fundamental importance for its formation. The second type is the soliton formed when saturable absorbers are installed in the feedback loops of electronic generators. Under such conditions, passive locking of resonator modes occurs, and the generated radiation is a periodic sequence of short pulses, which, on by analogy with laser systems, should be categorized as the class of dissipative solitons. Along with its general theoretical importance, the study of microwave solitons is of significant practical interest. In particular, experimental realization of generation of dissipative solitons in the microwave band will make it possible to create a new type of sources of ultrashort electromagnetic pulses.

孤子在非线性物理学的许多领域是一个经过充分研究的课题，包括流体动力学、等离子体物理学、光学等。然而，直到最近才证明它们可以在微波电子系统中实现。这篇综述介绍了从理论上分析两种类型包络孤子的形成机制的结果。第一种是自感透明孤子，它是在电磁脉冲与初始直线电子束在均匀磁场中运动的回旋共振相互作用过程中形成的，回旋频率对粒子能量的相对论依赖性为其形成的根本重要性。第二种是在电子发生器的反馈回路中安装可饱和吸收器时形成的孤子。在这种情况下，谐振腔模式发生被动锁定，产生的辐射是一个周期性的短脉冲序列，与激光系统类比，应归类为耗散孤子。除了其一般的理论重要性外，微波孤子的研究也具有重要的实际意义。特别是，在微波波段产生耗散孤子的实验实现将使创建新型超短电磁脉冲源成为可能。微波孤子的研究具有重要的实际意义。特别是，在微波波段产生耗散孤子的实验实现将使创建新型超短电磁脉冲源成为可能。微波孤子的研究具有重要的实际意义。特别是，在微波波段产生耗散孤子的实验实现将使创建新型超短电磁脉冲源成为可能。