Regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells play important roles in adaptive immune responses, antagonizing each other in immune disorders. Th17/Treg balance is critical to maintaining the immune homeostasis of human bodies and is tightly regulated under healthy conditions. The transcription factors that are required for driving Th17 and Treg cell lineages differentiation respectively, RORγt and FOXP3 are tightly regulated under different tissue microenvironment, especially the transcriptional induction, posttranslational modifications, and dynamic enzymatic cofactors binding. The imbalance caused by alteration of the quantity or properties of RORγt⁺ Th17 or FOXP3⁺ Treg can contribute to inflammatory disorders in humans. Restoring Th17/Treg balance by modifying the enzymatic activities of RORγt and FOXP3 binding partners may be therapeutically applied to treat severe immune disorders. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional and posttranslational regulations of Th17/Treg balance, immune disorders caused by Th17/Treg imbalance, and new therapeutic strategies for restoring immune homeostasis.

中文翻译：

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Th17/Treg 平衡在健康和疾病中的转录和翻译后调节

调节性 T (Treg) 细胞和 T 辅助型 17 (Th17) 细胞在适应性免疫反应中发挥重要作用，在免疫疾病中相互对抗。Th17/Treg 平衡对于维持人体的免疫稳态至关重要，在健康条件下受到严格调控。分别驱动 Th17 和 Treg 细胞谱系分化所需的转录因子 RORγt 和 FOXP3 在不同组织微环境下受到严格调控，尤其是转录诱导、翻译后修饰和动态酶促辅因子结合。RORγt ⁺ Th17 或 FOXP3 ⁺的数量或性质改变引起的失衡Treg 可导致人类炎症性疾病。通过改变 RORγt 和 FOXP3 结合配偶体的酶活性来恢复 Th17/Treg 平衡可用于治疗严重的免疫疾病。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注 Th17/Treg 平衡的转录和翻译后调控、Th17/Treg 失衡引起的免疫紊乱，以及恢复免疫稳态的新治疗策略。