Liquid marbles refer to droplets that are covered with a layer of non-wetting particles. They are observed in nature and have practical significance. These squishy objects bounce, coalesce, break, inflate, and deflate while the liquid does not touch the substrate underneath. Despite the considerable cross-disciplinary interest and value of the research on liquid marbles, a unified framework for describing the mechanics of deflating liquid marbles—as the liquid evaporates—is unavailable. For instance, analytical approaches for modeling the evaporation of liquid marbles exploit empirical parameters that are not based on liquid–particle and particle–particle interactions. Here, we have combined complementary experiments and theory to fill this gap. To unentangle the contributions of particle size, roughness, friction, and chemical make-up, we investigated the evaporation of liquid marbles formed with particles of sizes varying over 7 nm–300 μm and chemical compositions ranging from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. We demonstrate that the potential final states of evaporating liquid marbles are characterized by one of the following: (I) constant surface area, (II) particle ejection, or (III) multilayering. Based on these insights, we developed an evaporation model for liquid marbles that takes into account their time-dependent shape evolution. The model fits are in excellent agreement with our experimental results. Furthermore, this model and the general framework can provide mechanistic insights into extant literature on the evaporation of liquid marbles. Altogether, these findings advance our fundamental understanding of liquid marbles and should contribute to the rational development of technologies.

中文翻译：

---

粒子 - 粒子和液体 - 粒子相互作用如何控制蒸发液体大理石的命运

液体弹珠是指覆盖有一层不润湿颗粒的液滴。它们是在自然界中观察到的，具有实际意义。这些柔软的物体会弹跳、聚结、破裂、膨胀和放气，而液体不会接触下面的基材。尽管对液体弹珠的研究具有相当大的跨学科兴趣和价值，但还没有一个统一的框架来描述在液体蒸发时对液体弹珠进行放气的力学原理。例如，模拟液体大理石蒸发的分析方法利用了不基于液体-颗粒和颗粒-颗粒相互作用的经验参数。在这里，我们结合了互补的实验和理论来填补这一空白。为了解开粒度、粗糙度、摩擦和化学成分的影响，我们研究了由大小在 7 nm 到 300 μm 之间变化的颗粒和从亲水性到超疏水性的​​化学成分形成的液体大理石的蒸发。我们证明蒸发液体大理石的潜在最终状态具有以下特征之一：（I）恒定表面积，（II）粒子喷射，或（III）多层。基于这些见解，我们开发了一种液体大理石的蒸发模型，该模型考虑了它们随时间变化的形状演变。模型拟合与我们的实验结果非常吻合。此外，该模型和一般框架可以为现有关于液体大理石蒸发的文献提供机械见解。共，