South Altyn Tagh contains ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes that have been exhumed from ∼300 km mantle depth. Previous zircon U–Pb geochronology has yielded an eclogite-facies age of ca. 500 Ma and a high-pressure (HP) granulite-facies retrograde age of ca. 450 Ma in the Jianggalesayi area in the western segment of South Altyn Tagh. However, in the eastern segment (Yinggelisayi and Danshuiquan localities), an age range of 500–480 Ma has been determined, and it remains uncertain as to whether this age range represents the timing of the peak metamorphic stage or the retrograde overprint. Our study of newly discovered retrograde eclogite in the Danshuiquan locality shows that it underwent three stages of metamorphism, under eclogite-facies, HP granulite-facies and amphibolite-facies P–T conditions of 2.5–4.0 GPa and 870–1050 °C, 2.0–1.4 GPa and 830–940 °C, and 0.7–1.3 GPa and 704–880 °C, respectively. The decompression-dominated P–T path evolved mainly after crossing the solidus, indicating marked retrograde modification under melt-bearing conditions. LA–ICP–MS and SIMS zircon U–Pb dating yielded ca. 500 Ma eclogite-facies and ca. 484 Ma granulite-facies retrograde ages and a later retrograde age of ca. 452 Ma. The clockwise P–T–t path indicates rapid exhumation from eclogite-facies to granulite-facies within around 16 Myr, which is faster than that of the UHP rocks in the western segment. Thus, the HP–UHP rocks in South Altyn Tagh suggest a differential exhumation process for the eastern and western segments. The distinct HP–UHT metamorphism and rapid exhumation of (U)HP rocks in the eastern segment likely resulted from local mantle heating. The continuing P–T evolution of the (U)HP rocks under UHT conditions during exhumation led to a pervasive granulite-facies overprint in the eastern segment of the South Altyn Tagh. The rapid exhumation recorded in the eastern segment provides valuable insights into the exhumation mechanism of ultra-deep subducted UHP terranes.