Aspergillus and Penicillium spores occur with considerable frequency in the outdoor air, and their presence is important due to implications in health, agriculture and biodeterioration of cultural heritage. The objective of this research was to study their abundance in the atmosphere of Havana from 2013 to 2017. Two study methods were used, viable method monitoring of the spores with Chirana Aeroscope equipment and the other a non-viable method Lanzoni VPPS 2000. The Aspergillus/Penicillium spores were found to occur with high frequency, their atmospheric concentration varied statistically between climatic seasons, the highest incidence was detected during 2013 and 2015. Aspergillus was more abundant (69%) than Penicillium (31%), with a predominance of the Flavi and Nigri sections, and for Penicillium predominated Penicillium and Furcatum. The viable method, 23 species of Aspergillus and 22 of Penicillium were identified, of which A. flavus, A. niger, P. aurantiogriseum and P. citrinum predominated. A greater degree of similarity was observed in the composition of Aspergillus species, with higher indices (Di,j 0.40-0.73) compared to Penicillium (Di,j 0.30-0.55). The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a high degree of positive association between Aspergillus/Penicillium and relative humidity (non-viable method) and between Aspergillus and Penicillium and maximum and average temperatures (viable method).

曲霉菌和青霉菌孢子在室外空气中出现的频率相当高，它们的存在对健康、农业和文化遗产的生物退化具有重要意义。这项研究的目的是要他们在哈瓦那从2013年大气中丰富的研究，以2017年两个研究方法被使用，可行的方法监测与CHIRANA Aeroscope设备和其他非可行的方法Lanzoni VPPS 2000年孢子曲霉/发现青霉菌孢子出现频率高，其大气浓度在气候季节之间有统计学差异，在 2013 年和 2015 年间检测到的发病率最高。曲霉菌的数量（69%）高于青霉（31％），与占优势黄热病和Nigri部分，以及用于青霉为主青霉和Furcatum。可行方法鉴定出曲霉属23种，青霉属22种，其中以黄曲霉、黑曲霉、橙黄青霉和柑橘青霉为主。在曲霉属物种的组成中观察到更大程度的相似性，与青霉属相比具有更高的指数 (Di,j 0.40-0.73)(Di,j 0.30-0.55)。主成分分析 (PCA) 显示曲霉/青霉与相对湿度（非活性方法）之间以及曲霉和青霉与最高和平均温度（活性方法）之间存在高度正相关。