The Ross Sea has the world's largest marine protected area. Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) has significant effects on physical and biological processes in the Ross Sea. Totally 13 penguin ornithogenic sediment profiles were collected from Inexpressible Island, Ross Sea, and the Cd/P ratios were used as a proxy of MCDW intrusion, enabling to reconstruct the variability of MCDW intrusion into the Ross Sea during the past 6,000 years. During the intervals of ∼0.7–1.6 and ∼2.8–6.0 kyr BP, enhanced MCDW intrusion increased the heat supply which warmed the surface water and reduced the coastal sea ice concentration. By contrast, reduced MCDW intrusion during ∼1.6–2.8 kyr BP caused a decrease in the penguin population via restricting food supply and/or increasing sea ice concentration. Thus, changes in MCDW were responsible for driving millennial changes in sea ice and penguin population in the Ross Sea.

中文翻译：

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罗斯海 6000 年修正的环极深水入侵重建及其对海冰和企鹅的影响

罗斯海拥有世界上最大的海洋保护区。改良的环极深水 (MCDW) 对罗斯海的物理和生物过程具有显着影响。从罗斯海Inexpressible Island收集了13条企鹅产鸟沉积剖面，利用Cd/P比值作为MCDW入侵的代理，能够重建过去6000年MCDW入侵罗斯海的变异性。在~0.7-1.6 和~2.8-6.0 kyr BP 间隔期间，增强的 MCDW 入侵增加了热量供应，使地表水变暖并降低了沿海海冰的浓度。相比之下，在~1.6-2.8 kyr BP 期间减少的 MCDW 入侵通过限制食物供应和/或增加海冰浓度导致企鹅种群减少。因此，