DNA markers for the genes for flowering time (Ma1/SbPRR37, Ma2/SbEHD1, Ma3/SbPhyB, Ma4/SbCO, Ma5/SbPhyC, and Ma6/SbGHD7), semi-dwarfism (dw1 and dw2), fertility restorers (Rf1, Rf2, Rf5, and partial A1 mitochondrial sequence) and cytoplasmic–nuclear male sterile (CMS), and brown midrib (bmr-2, bmr-6, and bmr-18) were developed in this study. These markers and previously published DNA markers for dw3 were used to analyze sorghum cultivars used in breeding programs in Japan and traditional landraces from the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NIAS) sorghum core collection. Agronomically useful mutations were effectively detected in the cultivars by the DNA markers. Most of the mutation types for flowering and semi-dwarfism were detected in sorghum cultivars, but only the dominant-type allele of SbEHD1 and SbPhyB for flowering was detected in the NIAS collection. Fertility restorers and CMS were rarely detected in NIAS collection. Agronomically useful traits such as early flowering and semi-dwarfism became combined in the modern cultivars by phenotypic evaluation for the adaptation of harvesting to the temperate zones. Fertility restorers and CMS were introduced for F₁ hybrid breeding. These phenotypes are often recessive, so information on the alleles responsible would be helpful for sorghum breeding. We expect these DNA markers to facilitate and improve the efficiency of F₁ sorghum breeding programs.

中文翻译：

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高粱（Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench）开花时间、半矮化、生育恢复和棕色中脉基因的 DNA 标记分析

开花时间基因（Ma1 / SbPRR37 、 Ma2 / SbEHD1 、 Ma3 / SbPhyB、Ma4 / SbCO、Ma5 / SbPhyC和Ma6 / SbGHD7）、半矮化基因（ dw1和dw2 ）、生育力恢复基因（Rf1、Rf2 ）的 DNA 标记、Rf5和部分 A1 线粒体序列）和细胞质-核雄性不育 (CMS) 和棕色中脉（bmr-2、bmr-6和bmr-18) 是在本研究中开发的。这些标记和先前公布的dw3 DNA 标记用于分析日本育种计划中使用的高粱品种和来自美国国家农业科学研究所 (NIAS) 高粱核心收藏的传统地方品种。农艺学上有用的突变被DNA标记有效地检测到了栽培品种中。在高粱品种中检测到大多数开花和半矮化的突变类型，但只有SbEHD1和SbPhyB的显性型等位基因在 NIAS 集合中检测到开花。在 NIAS 收集中很少检测到生育力恢复剂和 CMS。通过表型评估，在现代栽培品种中结合了早期开花和半矮化等农艺有用性状，以适应温带地区的收获。_{为 F 1}杂交育种引入了生育力恢复剂和 CMS 。这些表型通常是隐性的，因此有关负责的等位基因的信息将有助于高粱育种。我们希望这些 DNA 标记能够促进和提高 F ₁高粱育种计划的效率。