Crystal oscillators can be started up quickly by using energy injection techniques. However, the generation of the injection waveform, as well as driving the large capacitive load formed by the crystal, costs a large amount of energy. This article applies the concept of stepwise charging to reduce the energy required to drive the crystal. The energy required to generate the injection waveform by self-timed injection is reduced by using a discrete-time dynamic-bias comparator which uses a simple offset calibration method. Furthermore, the bridge switch resistance is varied dynamically through self-timed control logic to alleviate the accuracy-speed tradeoff. A prototype was manufactured in a 65-nm (triple-well) CMOS technology, which was tested with various crystals ranging from 24 to 50 MHz, improving upon the state of the art in energy consumption.

中文翻译：

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使用逐步充电的晶体振荡器的高能效启动

使用能量注入技术可以快速启动晶体振荡器。然而，注入波形的产生，以及驱动晶体形成的大电容负载，需要消耗大量能量。本文应用逐步充电的概念来降低驱动晶体所需的能量。通过使用离散时间动态偏置比较器，该比较器采用简单的偏移校准方法，从而降低了通过自定时注入生成注入波形所需的能量。此外，桥开关电阻通过自定时控制逻辑动态变化，以减轻精度与速度之间的折衷。原型采用 65 纳米（三阱）CMOS 技术制造，并使用 24 至 50 MHz 的各种晶体进行测试，