Detrital zircon UPb geochronology and geochemical proxies derived from immobile elements and isotopes are commonly applied to trace sediment sources because of their durability and stability in most earth surface processes and environments. However, little is known on whether these different tracers can contain identical or similar provenance signals for sediments of interest. This study presents the UPb ages of detrital zircons from a grain-size fraction of 63–125 μm and elemental and Nd isotopic compositions for bulk sediments from the Mulanxi, a small mountainous river in southeast China. We aim to retrieve provenance signals preserved by different tracers and to test whether they are robust in discriminating the effect of sediment mixing in this tidal-dominated river. Our results show that detrital zircons in the Mulanxi catchments and estuarine have two major age groups at 90–110 Ma and 120–150 Ma. Moreover, the results of probability density plots (PDPs) suggest there is no significant difference in detrital zircon UPb ages between the sediments from non-tidal and tidal reaches. The detrital zircon age distributions in the Mulanxi catchments are significantly different from those in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) catchments and in the inner shelf mud belt of the East China Sea which have distinct multiple age populations. A statistical multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis suggests there is no a source-to-sink connection between the Changjiang and Mulanxi zircons. On the contrary, the geochemical proxies of Sc/Th, Cr/Th, and Nd isotopes reveal different sediment sources between the non-tidal and tidal reaches of Mulanxi, with the fine tidal-reach sediments having mixed sources from the offshore mud and the Mulanxi River, while the coarse-grained sediments from the non-tidal upstream being completely contributed by the Mulanxi. The contradictory results from these different provenance proxies suggest their implications and limitations for sediment source tracing. Detrital zircon ages can track the ‘inherited’ source signals of zircons and relating coarse fractions in sediments, but they are less sensitive to source changes in fine fractions than the geochemical proxies of Nd isotopes, Sc/Th and Cr/Th ratios. It is therefore essential and a prerequisite to carefully evaluate all possible factors controlling detrital sediment compositions, and to weigh the pros and cons of different tracers for sediment provenance discrimination especially in dynamic Small Mountainous Rivers (SMRs) and continental margins.