This work considers the creation of electron-positron pairs from intense electric fields in vacuum, for arbitrary temporal field variations. These processes can be useful to study quantum vacuum effects with ultra-intense lasers. We use the quantized Dirac field to explore the temporal Klein model. This model is based on a vector potential discontinuity in time, in contrast with the traditional model based on a scalar potential discontinuity in space. We also extend the model by introducing a finite time-scale for potential variations. This allows us to study the transition from a singular electric field spike, with infinitesimal duration, to the opposite case of a static field where the Schwinger formula would apply. The present results are intrinsically non-perturbative. Explicit expressions for pair-creation as a function of the potential time-scales are derived. This work explores the spacetime symmetry associated with pair creation in vacuum: the space symmetry breaking of the old Klein paradox model, in contrast with the time symmetry breaking of the temporal Klein model.

中文翻译：

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粒子对创建的时间克莱因模型

这项工作考虑了从真空中的强电场中创建电子 - 正电子对，以实现任意时间场变化。这些过程可用于研究超强激光的量子真空效应。我们使用量化的狄拉克场来探索时间克莱因模型。与基于空间标量势不连续性的传统模型相比，该模型基于时间向量势不连续性。我们还通过为潜在变化引入有限时间尺度来扩展模型。这使我们能够研究从具有无限小的持续时间的奇异电场尖峰到适用施温格公式的静态场的相反情况的转变。目前的结果本质上是非扰动的。导出了作为潜在时间尺度函数的配对创建的显式表达式。这项工作探索了与真空中成对相关的时空对称性：旧克莱因悖论模型的空间对称性破缺，与时间克莱因模型的时间对称性破缺形成对比。