Evidence has shown that individually feeding or reduced light can mitigate the negative effects of elevated temperature on coral physiology. We aimed to evaluate if simultaneous low light and feeding would mitigate, minimize, or exacerbate negative effects of elevated temperature on coral physiology and carbon budgets. Pocillopora damicornis, Stylophora pistillata, and Turbinaria reniformis were grown for 28 days under a fully factorial experiment including two seawater temperatures (ambient temperature of 25 °C, elevated temperature of 30 °C), two light levels (high light of 300 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, low light of 150 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), and either fed (Artemia nauplii) or unfed. Coral physiology was significantly affected by temperature in all species, but the way in which low light and feeding altered their physiological responses was species-specific. All three species photo-acclimated to low light by increasing chlorophyll a. Pocillopora damicornis required feeding to meet metabolic demand irrespective of temperature but was unable to maintain calcification under low light when fed. In T. reniformis, low light mitigated the negative effect of elevated temperature on total lipids, while feeding mitigated the negative effects of elevated temperature on metabolic demand. In S. pistillata, low light compounded the negative effects of elevated temperature on metabolic demand, while feeding minimized this negative effect but was not sufficient to provide 100% metabolic demand. Overall, low light and feeding did not act synergistically, nor additively, to mitigate the negative effects of elevated temperature on P. damicornis, S. pistillata, or T. reniformis. However, feeding alone was critical to the maintenance of metabolic demand at elevated temperature, suggesting that sufficient supply of heterotrophic food sources is likely essential for corals during thermal stress (bleaching) events.

中文翻译：

---

温度、光照和摄食对 Pocillopora damicornis、Stylophora pistillata 和 Turbinaria reniformis 珊瑚生理的影响

有证据表明，单独喂食或减少光照可以减轻温度升高对珊瑚生理的负面影响。我们的目的是评估同时低光照和喂食是否会减轻、最小化或加剧高温对珊瑚生理和碳预算的负面影响。Pocillopora damicornis、Stylophora pistillata和Turbinaria reniformis在包括两个海水温度（环境温度 25 °C，升高温度 30 °C）、两个光照水平（300 μmol 光子 m ^-2 s ^-1，150 μmol 光子的低光 m ^-2 s ^-1 )，或者被馈入 (卤虫无节幼体）或未喂食。所有物种的珊瑚生理都受到温度的显着影响，但弱光和摄食改变其生理反应的方式是物种特异性的。所有三个物种都通过增加叶绿素a来适应低光。Pocillopora damicornis需要喂食以满足代谢需求，而不管温度如何，但在低光下喂食时无法维持钙化。在T. reniformis 中，低光减轻了升高温度对总脂质的负面影响，而喂养减轻了升高温度对代谢需求的负面影响。在S. pistillata 中，低光加剧了温度升高对代谢需求的负面影响，而喂养将这种负面影响降至最低，但不足以提供 100% 的代谢需求。总体而言，弱光和摄食不会协同或相加地减轻高温对P. damicornis、S. pistillata或T. reniformis的负面影响。然而，单独进食对于维持高温下的代谢需求至关重要，这表明在热应激（漂白）事件期间，充足的异养食物来源可能对珊瑚至关重要。