Assessment of cultural ecosystem services (CES) and the negative impacts humans can have on them can provide essential information toward conservation and management strategies. Globally, tourism and recreational CES are among the most relevant economic and social activities, with ecotourism in particular growing rapidly in places with high cultural heritage and high biodiversity, such as many protected areas. This study used a combination of GIS-based methods and interviews in a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Brazil called Extractive Reserve Acaú-Goiana to investigate whether its users (i.e., visitors and local residents) prefer some CES over others and whether recreational coastal activities can be affected by different factors and human-caused stressors, such as 'scariness', 'unpleasantness', and 'noisiness'. All assessed CES were identified by respondents to be provided in the MPA. ‘Aesthetic values’ and ‘social relations’ were the most commonly identified CES, whereas ‘scariness’ and ‘unpleasantness’ were the main stressors. Respondents also showed a preference for specific areas within the MPA, such as beaches and mangroves. Relying on users to identify hotspots themselves, in addition to assessing the ecotourism potential of recreational coastal activities, can support the development of innovative public strategies targeting not only tourists, but also local communities.

对文化生态系统服务 (CES) 以及人类可能对其产生的负面影响的评估可为保护和管理战略提供重要信息。在全球范围内，旅游和休闲 CES 是最相关的经济和社会活动之一，尤其是生态旅游在具有丰富文化遗产和高度生物多样性的地方（例如许多保护区）迅速发展。本研究结合了基于 GIS 的方法和在巴西名为 Extractive Reserve Acaú-Goiana 的海洋保护区 (MPA) 的访谈，以调查其用户（即游客和当地居民）是否更喜欢某些 CES，以及休闲沿海地区是否活动可能受到不同因素和人为压力源的影响，例如“恐惧”、“不愉快”和“嘈杂”。所有评估的 CES 都由受访者确定，并在 MPA 中提供。“审美价值”和“社会关系”是最常见的 CES，而“恐惧”和“不愉快”是主要的压力源。受访者还表现出对海洋保护区内特定区域的偏好，例如海滩和红树林。依靠用户自己确定热点，除了评估休闲沿海活动的生态旅游潜力外，还可以支持制定创新的公共战略，不仅针对游客，还针对当地社区。比如海滩和红树林。依靠用户自己确定热点，除了评估休闲沿海活动的生态旅游潜力外，还可以支持不仅针对游客，还针对当地社区的创新公共战略的发展。比如海滩和红树林。依靠用户自己确定热点，除了评估休闲沿海活动的生态旅游潜力外，还可以支持制定创新的公共战略，不仅针对游客，还针对当地社区。