Expansion into areas outside their centres of origin requires knowledge of quinoa's physiology and its response to the environment concerning the determination of seed yield and its numerical components to facilitate crop management and breeding. The objectives of the current work were to analyse the determination of seed weight (SW) of different quinoa genotypes adapted to temperate climates (Sea-level type) under a wide range of growth conditions through: (a) the analysis of seed growth rate (SGR) and seed filling duration (SFD) variation, (b) the study of seed's water dynamics, and (c) the analysis of the effect of environmental conditions on SW components and water dynamics. For this, four genotypes were planted under four environments, as a result of the combination of sowing dates and growth conditions (field or greenhouse). Variation in SW was a result of a change in SGR (r² = .66; p < .001) and not in SFD (r² = .03; p = .45). Final SW was closely related to maximum seed water content (r² = .84; p < .0001) achieved around the mid-seed filling. In relation to climate variables, SWs showed a negative association with temperature in all genotypes. Of the SW components, SGR decreased with increases in temperature while SFD showed no association with it. Source–sink ratio during seed filling did not explain variation in SW, but the analysis of this relationship allowed us to identify the type of limitation experienced during seed filling in the different environments. From the perspective of improvement, breeding schemes should be focused on the increase of the source during seed filling (current or stored resources) in early sowings, and that in the sink (higher seed number) for late sowings.

中文翻译：

---

藜麦种子重量测定（Chenopodium quinoa Willd.）

扩展到其原产地中心以外的地区需要了解藜麦的生理学及其对环境的反应，涉及确定种子产量及其数值成分，以促进作物管理和育种。当前工作的目标是通过以下方式分析在广泛的生长条件下适应温带气候（海平面类型）的不同藜麦基因型的种子重量（SW）的测定：（a）种子生长速率分析（ SGR) 和种子灌浆持续时间 (SFD) 变化，(b) 种子水分动力学研究，以及 (c) 分析环境条件对 SW 成分和水分动力学的影响。为此，由于播种日期和生长条件（田间或温室）的结合，在四种环境下种植了四种基因型。r ²  = .66; p  < .001) 而不是 SFD ( r ²  = .03; p  = .45)。最终 SW 与最大种子含水量密切相关 ( r ²  = .84; p < .0001) 在种子中间灌浆附近实现。关于气候变量，SW在所有基因型中都与温度呈负相关。在 SW 成分中，SGR 随温度升高而降低，而 SFD 与其无关。种子灌浆期间的源库比并不能解释 SW 的变化，但对这种关系的分析使我们能够确定在不同环境中种子灌浆过程中所经历的限制类型。从改进的角度来看，育种方案应侧重于早播时增加灌浆源（当前或储存的资源），晚播时应着眼于库内（增加种子数）。