Despite having a rich history as a poison, arsenic and its compounds have also gained a great reputation as promising anticancer drugs. As a pioneer, arsenic trioxide has been approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Many in vitro studies suggested that arsenic trioxide could also be used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, the transition from bench to bedside turned out to be challenging, especially in terms of the drug bioavailability and concentration reaching tumor tissues. To address these issues, nanomedicine tools have been proposed. As nanocarriers of arsenic trioxide, various materials have been examined including liposomes, polymer, and inorganic nanoparticles, and many other materials. This review gives an overview of the existing strategies of delivery of arsenic trioxide in cancer treatment with a focus on the drug encapsulation approaches and medicinal impact in the treatment of solid tumors. It focuses on the progress in the last years and gives an outlook and suggestions for further improvements including theragnostic approaches and targeted delivery.

中文翻译：

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三氧化二砷递送至实体瘤的纳米药物的现状和未来前景

尽管作为毒药有着悠久的历史，但砷及其化合物作为有前途的抗癌药物也享有盛誉。作为先驱，三氧化二砷已被批准用于治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病。许多体外研究表明，三氧化二砷也可用于治疗实体瘤。然而，从长凳到床边的过渡结果证明是具有挑战性的，特别是在药物生物利用度和到达肿瘤组织的浓度方面。为了解决这些问题，已经提出了纳米医学工具。作为三氧化二砷的纳米载体，已经研究了各种材料，包括脂质体、聚合物和无机纳米粒子，以及许多其他材料。本综述概述了三氧化二砷在癌症治疗中的现有策略，重点关注药物封装方法和治疗实体瘤的药物影响。它着重于过去几年的进展，并就包括治疗方法和有针对性的交付在内的进一步改进提出了展望和建议。