Three-dimensional (3D) printing as a powerful manufacturing platform has been increasingly used in biomedical engineering over the past two decades. Such technologies greatly improve our ability to fabricate a variety of complex and customized biomedical products accurately, efficiently, economically, and with high reproducibility through layer-by-layer positioning of materials, biomolecules, or even living cells in the products. Despite the impressive progress of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, more and greater efforts are needed to develop new and much improved biomedical products via 3D printing. In particular, many challenges in 3D printing processes, materials, and applications must be addressed in order to make available high-quality products and novel products to millions of patients. Addressing these challenges requires the integration of advances in physics, materials science, engineering, biological sciences, and medicine. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of 3D printing and its applications in the biomedical field. We systematically present and discuss 3D printing technologies, materials, cells, and applications that are associated with biomedical engineering. Additionally, 4D printing and bioprinting are reviewed. We give our analysis and put forward our views on the challenges for 3D printing in biomedical engineering and also possible future developments. It is apparent that 3D printing plays a more and more important role in biomedical engineering and can create a diverse range of high-value biomedical products. This comprehensive review can help to understand the current status and identify future directions of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, as well as moving 3D printing toward manufacturing newer and better biomedical products.

中文翻译：

---

生物医学工程中的 3D 打印：工艺、材料和应用

在过去的二十年中，三维 (3D) 打印作为强大的制造平台已越来越多地用于生物医学工程。这些技术通过逐层定位产品中的材料、生物分子甚至活细胞，极大地提高了我们准确、高效、经济和高重现性地制造各种复杂和定制的生物医学产品的能力。尽管 3D 打印在生物医学工程领域取得了令人瞩目的进展，但仍需要付出更多努力来通过 3D 打印开发新的、改进很多的生物医学产品。特别是，必须解决 3D 打印工艺、材料和应用方面的许多挑战，以便为数百万患者提供高质量的产品和新颖的产品。应对这些挑战需要整合物理学、材料科学、工程、生物科学和医学方面的进步。在本文中，我们对 3D 打印及其在生物医学领域的应用进行了全面的最新评论。我们系统地介绍和讨论与生物医学工程相关的 3D 打印技术、材料、细胞和应用。此外，还审查了 4D 打印和生物打印。我们对 3D 打印在生物医学工程中面临的挑战以及未来可能的发展进行了分析并提出了我们的看法。很明显，3D 打印在生物医学工程中扮演着越来越重要的角色，可以创造出多样化的高价值生物医学产品。