Despite four decades of research into the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), a successful strategy to eradicate the virus post-infection is lacking. The major reason for this is the persistence of the virus in certain anatomical reservoirs where it can become latent and remain quiescent for as long as the cellular reservoir is alive. The Central Nervous System (CNS), in particular, is an intriguing anatomical compartment that is tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier. Targeting the CNS viral reservoir is a major challenge owing to the decreased permeability of drugs into the CNS and the cellular microenvironment that facilitates the compartmentalization and evolution of the virus. Therefore, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, virus persists in the CNS, and leads to neurological and neurocognitive deficits. To date, viral eradication strategies fail to eliminate the virus from the CNS. To facilitate the improvement of the existing elimination strategies, as well as the development of potential therapeutic targets, the aim of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of HIV latency in CNS and the onset of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders.

尽管对人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV-1) 进行了 4 年的研究，但仍缺乏在感染后根除病毒的成功策略。造成这种情况的主要原因是病毒在某些解剖储存库中持续存在，只要细胞储存库还活着，它就会潜伏并保持静止。尤其是中枢神经系统 (CNS)，它是一个有趣的解剖隔室，受血脑屏障的严格调节。靶向 CNS 病毒库是一项重大挑战，因为药物对 CNS 和细胞微环境的渗透性降低，这有助于病毒的区室化和进化。因此，尽管进行了有效的抗逆转录病毒 (ARV) 治疗，但病毒仍存在于中枢神经系统中，并导致神经和神经认知缺陷。迄今为止，病毒根除策略无法从 CNS 中清除病毒。为了促进现有消除策略的改进以及潜在治疗目标的开发，本综述的目的是深入了解 CNS 中的 HIV 潜伏期和 HIV-1 相关神经系统疾病的发作。