Plants are surrounded by a vast diversity of microorganisms. Limiting pathogenic microorganisms is crucial for plant survival. On the other hand, the interaction of plants with beneficial microorganisms promotes their growth or allows them to overcome nutrient deficiencies. Balancing the number and nature of these interactions is crucial for plant growth and development, and thus, for crop productivity in agriculture. Plants use sophisticated mechanisms to recognize pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms and genetic programs related to immunity or symbiosis. Although most research has focused on characterizing changes in the transcriptome during plant–microbe interactions, the application of techniques such as Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) and Ribosome profiling allowed examining the dynamic association of RNAs to the translational machinery, highlighting the importance of the translational level of control of gene expression in both pathogenic and beneficial interactions. These studies revealed that the transcriptional and the translational responses are not always correlated, and that translational control operates at cell-specific level. In addition, translational control is governed by cis-elements present in the 5′mRNA leader of regulated mRNAs, e.g. upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and sequence-specific motifs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent advances made in the field of translational control during pathogenic and beneficial plant–microbe interactions.

中文翻译：

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病原和有益植物-微生物相互作用的转化调控

植物被种类繁多的微生物所包围。限制病原微生物对植物生存至关重要。另一方面，植物与有益微生物的相互作用促进了它们的生长或使它们克服了营养不足。平衡这些相互作用的数量和性质对于植物生长和发育至关重要，因此对农业中的作物生产力至关重要。植物使用复杂的机制来识别与免疫或共生相关的病原微生物和有益微生物以及遗传程序。尽管大多数研究都集中在表征植物-微生物相互作用过程中转录组的变化，翻译核糖体亲和纯化 (TRAP) 和核糖体分析等技术的应用允许检查 RNA 与翻译机制的动态关联，突出了在致病和有益相互作用中控制基因表达的翻译水平的重要性。这些研究表明转录和翻译反应并不总是相关的，并且翻译控制在细胞特异性水平上起作用。此外，翻译控制由存在于受调控 mRNA 的 5'mRNA 前导序列中的顺式元件控制，例如上游开放阅读框 (uORF) 和序列特异性基序。在这篇综述中，我们总结并讨论了病原和有益植物-微生物相互作用过程中转化控制领域的最新进展。