Water treatment based on electrocoagulation (EC) is attractive since required chemicals and colloids are produced in-situ. However, optimization of EC operation parameters is necessary to enhance its efficiency. We optimized EC cell parameters by the response surface method (RSM). The optimal removal efficiencies of hardness (63%) and fluoride (97%) were achieved at 1.98 kWh/m³. With the removal of divalent cations, some anionic species concurrently remove via an energetically feasible route to adjust the charge balance. When simulated water is used (450 mg/L TDS, 580 mg/L CaCO₃, 10 mg/L fluorides and pH 6.50), 83% hardness and 99% fluoride are removed with 0.69 kWh/m² energy consumption. The chemical species in the solution matrix, particularly SO₄^2, significantly affect the hardness and fluoride removal efficiencies. The contaminated EC sludge resulted from feed water is characterized by spectroscopic methods to probe hardness and fluoride removal mechanisms. In the presence of Mg²⁺, F^- interacts with Al-sludge sites forming$\equiv \mathrm{MgF}-\mathrm{OH}$. When Ca²⁺ and F^- are present, both $\equiv \mathrm{CaF}-\mathrm{OH}$ and $\equiv \mathrm{CaF}$ are formed. In Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and F^- treated Al-sludge dominates , CaF−OH and $\equiv \mathrm{CaF}$ over $\equiv \mathrm{MgF}-\mathrm{OH}$.

基于电凝聚 (EC) 的水处理很有吸引力，因为所需的化学品和胶体是原位生产的。然而，EC操作参数的优化对于提高其效率是必要的。我们通过响应面法 (RSM) 优化了 EC 细胞参数。硬度 (63%) 和氟化物 (97%) 的最佳去除效率为 1.98 kWh/m ³。随着二价阳离子的去除，一些阴离子物种通过能量上可行的途径同时去除以调整电荷平衡。当使用模拟水（450  mg/L TDS、580  mg/L CaCO ₃、10  mg/L 氟化物和 pH 6.50）时，83% 的硬度和 99% 的氟化物以 0.69 kWh/m ²去除能源消耗。溶液基质中的化学物质，特别是 SO ₄ ^2，显着影响硬度和除氟效率。由给水产生的受污染的 EC 污泥通过光谱方法表征，以探测硬度和除氟机制。在 Mg ²⁺存在的情况下，F ^-与 Al-sludge 位点相互作用形成$\equiv \mathrm{氟化镁}-\mathrm{哦}$. 当 Ca ²⁺和 F ^-存在时，$\equiv \mathrm{氟化钙}-\mathrm{哦}$ 和 $\equiv \mathrm{氟化钙}$形成。在 Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺和 F ^-处理的铝渣中占主导地位，CaF-OH 和$\equiv \mathrm{氟化钙}$ 超过 $\equiv \mathrm{氟化镁}-\mathrm{哦}$.