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Why we need radar, lidar, and solar radiance observations to constrain ice cloud microphysics
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-23 , DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-5029-2021
Florian Ewald , Silke Groß , Martin Wirth , Julien Delanoë , Stuart Fox , Bernhard Mayer

Ice clouds and their effect on earth's radiation budget are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate change predictions. The uncertainty in predicting ice cloud feedbacks in a warming climate arises due to uncertainties in measuring and explaining their current optical and microphysical properties as well as from insufficient knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. This knowledge can be significantly improved by active remote sensing, which can help to explore the vertical profile of ice cloud microphysics, such as ice particle size and ice water content. This study focuses on the well-established variational approach VarCloud to retrieve ice cloud microphysics from radar–lidar measurements.While active backscatter retrieval techniques surpass the information content of most passive, vertically integrated retrieval techniques, their accuracy is limited by essential assumptions about the ice crystal shape. Since most radar–lidar retrieval algorithms rely heavily on universal mass–size relationships to parameterize the prevalent ice particle shape, biases in ice water content and ice water path can be expected in individual cloud regimes. In turn, these biases can lead to an erroneous estimation of the radiative effect of ice clouds. In many cases, these biases could be spotted and corrected by the simultaneous exploitation of measured solar radiances.The agreement with measured solar radiances is a logical prerequisite for an accurate estimation of the radiative effect of ice clouds. To this end, this study exploits simultaneous radar, lidar, and passive measurements made on board the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft. By using the ice clouds derived with VarCloud as an input to radiative transfer calculations, simulated solar radiances are compared to measured solar radiances made above the actual clouds. This radiative closure study is done using different ice crystal models to improve the knowledge of the prevalent ice crystal shape. While in one case aggregates were capable of reconciling radar, lidar, and solar radiance measurements, this study also analyses a more problematic case for which no radiative closure could be achieved. In this case, collocated in situ measurements indicate that the lack of closure may be linked to unexpectedly high values of the ice crystal number density.

中文翻译:

为什么我们需要雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射观测来约束冰云微物理

冰云及其对地球辐射收支的影响是气候变化预测中最大的不确定性来源之一。预测变暖气候中冰云反馈的不确定性是由于测量和解释其当前光学和微物理特性的不确定性以及对其空间和时间分布的了解不足。主动遥感可以显着提高这些知识,这有助于探索冰云微物理的垂直剖面,例如冰颗粒大小和冰水含量。这项研究的重点是完善的变分方法 VarCloud 从雷达-激光雷达测量中检索冰云微物理。虽然主动反向散射检索技术超过了大多数被动的信息内容,垂直集成的检索技术,它们的准确性受到关于冰晶形状的基本假设的限制。由于大多数雷达-激光雷达检索算法严重依赖于通用质量-大小关系来参数化普遍存在的冰粒形状,因此在单个云区中可以预期冰水含量和冰水路径的偏差。反过来,这些偏差会导致对冰云辐射效应的错误估计。在许多情况下,这些偏差可以通过同时利用测量的太阳辐射率来发现和纠正。与测量的太阳辐射率一致是准确估计冰云辐射效应的逻辑先决条件。为此,本研究利用同步雷达、激光雷达、以及在德国高空远程研究飞机上进行的被动测量。通过使用 VarCloud 导出的冰云作为辐射传递计算的输入,将模拟的太阳辐射与在实际云层上方测得的太阳辐射进行比较。这项辐射闭合研究是使用不同的冰晶模型完成的,以提高对普遍冰晶形状的了解。虽然在一个案例中,聚合体能够协调雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射测量,但本研究还分析了一个更成问题的案例,该案例无法实现辐射闭合。在这种情况下,并置的原位测量表明缺乏闭合可能与冰晶数密度的意外高值有关。通过使用 VarCloud 导出的冰云作为辐射传递计算的输入,将模拟的太阳辐射与在实际云层上方测得的太阳辐射进行比较。这项辐射闭合研究是使用不同的冰晶模型完成的,以提高对普遍冰晶形状的了解。虽然在一个案例中,聚合体能够协调雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射测量,但本研究还分析了一个更成问题的案例,该案例无法实现辐射闭合。在这种情况下,并置的原位测量表明缺乏闭合可能与冰晶数密度的意外高值有关。通过使用 VarCloud 导出的冰云作为辐射传递计算的输入,将模拟的太阳辐射与在实际云层上方测得的太阳辐射进行比较。这项辐射闭合研究是使用不同的冰晶模型完成的,以提高对普遍冰晶形状的了解。虽然在一个案例中,聚合体能够协调雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射测量,但本研究还分析了一个更成问题的案例,该案例无法实现辐射闭合。在这种情况下,并置的原位测量表明缺乏闭合可能与冰晶数密度的意外高值有关。这项辐射闭合研究是使用不同的冰晶模型完成的,以提高对普遍冰晶形状的了解。虽然在一个案例中,聚合体能够协调雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射测量,但本研究还分析了一个更成问题的案例,该案例无法实现辐射闭合。在这种情况下,并置的原位测量表明缺乏闭合可能与冰晶数密度的意外高值有关。这项辐射闭合研究是使用不同的冰晶模型完成的,以提高对普遍冰晶形状的了解。虽然在一个案例中,聚合体能够协调雷达、激光雷达和太阳辐射测量,但本研究还分析了一个更成问题的案例,该案例无法实现辐射闭合。在这种情况下,并置的原位测量表明缺乏闭合可能与冰晶数密度的意外高值有关。
更新日期:2021-07-23
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