With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.

随着载人航天的重新兴起以及专注于航天商业化的公司的发展，人类进入太空的冒险活动的增加是不可避免的。然而，这一冒险并非没有风险。太空飞行期间所经历的较低重力（称为微重力）会严重扰乱许多生理系统。受影响最显着的系统之一是肌肉骨骼系统，暴露于微重力会导致骨骼和骨骼肌损失，这两者都具有重大的临床意义。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注我们对微重力如何影响肌肉骨骼系统的理解的最新进展。我们将重点关注微重力暴露对骨骼和骨骼肌细胞及其各自的祖干细胞的分解代谢影响。此外，我们报告了因暴露于微重力而导致骨骼和肌肉组织损失的机制，然后讨论了当前正在评估的对策。我们揭示了当前知识的空白，并阐述了当前的研究如何填补这些空白，同时在我们继续追求载人航天的过程中确定新的研究途径。