Population growth results in the expansion of cities and brings with it the need for road structures that interconnect and facilitate the movement of people and cargo. However, together with the benefits, many negative impacts on the environment are associated with the construction of traffic routes and their structures, such as the degradation of surface water quality. This study aimed to evaluate Trincheira river’s water quality, as influenced by different anthropic actions, especially the construction of a road structure. Four points along the river were sampled. Results showed that for the pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature parameters, concentrations remained within the range established by the Brazilian legislation. For biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and oil and grease, values were higher than permitted by law. For the toxicological assay with Allium cepa L., statistical analysis indicated that sampling from points 1 and 3 presented statistically higher mitotic index. For mutagenicity index, no statistical differences were found in any of the comparisons. Finally, this study’s conclusion is that the waters of the Trincheira river are being physicochemically and cytotoxically impacted by anthropic action. The data suggest that protection actions for this source should be implemented, such as the use of riparian buffers to stimulate water purification.

人口增长导致城市扩张，随之而来的是对连接和促进人员和货物流动的道路结构的需求。然而，除了收益之外，许多对环境的负面影响还与交通路线及其结构的建设有关，例如地表水质量的下降。本研究旨在评估 Trincheira 河的水质，受不同人为行为的影响，尤其是道路结构的建设。沿河采样了四个点。结果表明，对于 pH 值、溶解氧和温度参数，浓度保持在巴西立法规定的范围内。对于生化需氧量、化学需氧量和油脂，值高于法律允许的值。Allium cepa L.，统计分析表明，从第 1 点和第 3 点取样呈现出统计学上更高的有丝分裂指数。对于致突变性指数，在任何比较中均未发现统计学差异。最后，这项研究的结论是，Trincheira 河的水域正受到人类活动的物理化学和细胞毒性影响。数据表明，应对该源实施保护行动，例如使用河岸缓冲带促进水净化。