Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel human coronavirus. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020 for its continuous and rapid spread worldwide. Rapidly emerging COVID-19 epicenters and mutants of concerns have created mammoth chaos in healthcare sectors across the globe. With over 185 million infections and approximately 4 million deaths globally, COVID-19 continues its unchecked spread despite all mitigation measures. Until effective and affordable antiretroviral drugs are made available and the population at large is vaccinated, timely diagnosis of the infection and adoption of COVID-appropriate behavior remains major tool available to curtail the still escalating COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides an updated overview of various techniques of COVID-19 testing in human samples and also discusses, in brief, the biochemical composition and mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. Technological advancement in various molecular, serological and immunological techniques including mainly the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), CRISPR, lateral flow assays, and immunosensors are reviewed.

中文翻译：

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SARS-CoV-2的生化成分、传播和诊断。

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 是由新型人类冠状病毒 SARS-CoV-2 引起的危及生命的呼吸道感染。2020 年 3 月，世界卫生组织宣布 COVID-19 为大流行病，因为它在全球范围内持续快速传播。迅速出现的 COVID-19 震中和令人担忧的突变已经在全球医疗保健领域造成了巨大的混乱。尽管采取了所有缓解措施，但 COVID-19 在全球范围内有超过 1.85 亿人感染和大约 400 万人死亡，其传播仍在继续。在提供有效且负担得起的抗逆转录病毒药物并为广大人群接种疫苗之前，及时诊断感染和采用适合 COVID-19 的行为仍然是遏制仍在升级的 COVID-19 大流行的主要工具。本综述提供了对人体样本中 COVID-19 检测各种技术的最新概述，并简要讨论了 SARS-CoV-2 的生化成分和传播方式。综述了各种分子、血清学和免疫学技术的技术进步，主要包括逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT-PCR)、环介导等温扩增 (LAMP)、CRISPR、侧向流动测定和免疫传感器。