The literature emphasizes the important role of industrial excess heat (IEH) and heat pumps (HP) in future 4th generation district heating and smart energy systems. However, they can potentially have negative or positive effects on the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). It is necessary to find a trade-off between IEH and HP in the transition towards a 100% renewable energy system yet has not been discussed in the literature. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis for the optimal district heating (DH) strategy in a 100% renewable energy system. It is conducted based on a novel hybrid methodology framework that couples hourly smart energy system simulation, multi-objective optimization, and multiple-criteria decision making. The optimal share between IEH and HP and associated RES capacity can be determined considering the preferences of policymakers. A scenario for 2050 for Aalborg Municipality in Denmark is used as a case study. Results show that an appropriate mix of IEH and HP, 40% and 20% respectively in the DH supply, should be employed to obtain a balanced near carbon–neutral system with the least cost. Also, the cross-sector effective interactivities between the DH network, power grid, and gas grid are revealed in the smart energy system context. The proposed framework is designed in a general way that can be used in other cities, regions, or countries.

文献强调了工业余热 (IEH) 和热泵 (HP) 在未来第四代区域供热和智能能源系统中的重要作用。然而，它们可能对可再生能源 (RES) 的整合产生负面或正面影响。在向 100% 可再生能源系统过渡的过程中，有必要在 IEH 和 HP 之间找到权衡，但文献中尚未讨论。本文对 100% 可再生能源系统中的最佳区域供热 (DH) 策略进行了全面的技术经济分析。它是基于一种新颖的混合方法框架进行的，该框架将每小时智能能源系统模拟、多目标优化和多标准决策结合起来。IEH 和 HP 之间的最佳份额以及相关的 RES 容量可以考虑决策者的偏好来确定。丹麦奥尔堡市 2050 年的情景被用作案例研究。结果表明，应采用适当的 IEH 和 HP 混合，分别在 DH 供应中分别占 40% 和 20%，以最低成本获得平衡的近碳中性系统。此外，在智能能源系统背景下，DH 网络、电网和燃气网之间的跨部门有效交互被揭示。提议的框架以通用方式设计，可用于其他城市、地区或国家。应采用以最低成本获得平衡的近碳中和系统。此外，在智能能源系统背景下，DH 网络、电网和燃气网之间的跨部门有效交互被揭示。提议的框架以通用方式设计，可用于其他城市、地区或国家。应采用以最低成本获得平衡的近碳中和系统。此外，在智能能源系统背景下，DH 网络、电网和燃气网之间的跨部门有效交互也得到了揭示。提议的框架以通用方式设计，可用于其他城市、地区或国家。