The last two decades have witnessed an extensive exploration of micro/nanomotors for an effective biomedical diagnosis and therapy. A nanomotor is a tiny smart device inspired by a biological motor that shows in situ energy conversion due to its own movements. Scientists are aiming for more innovative designs of these bioinspired nanomotors towards developing a self-propelled biomedical device that can perform various applications from drug delivery, biosensing to a therapeutic treatment of disease target, where actions can be driven easily by different energy sources, including biochemical, optical, magnetic, and electric fields. Herein, we review the recent development of bioinspired micro/nanomotors for biomedical applications with an aim to better understand the exact mechanism of motor propulsion and to establish a proper command over the motion, direction and speed. Firstly, we highlight energy sources being used for the propulsion of micromotors. Next, we discuss the establishment of micro/nanomotors as an intelligent and comprehensive biomedical nanodevice for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent studies show that these micro/nanomotors can navigate promptly to target cancer cells, penetrate through the cell membrane, reach up to the cytoplasm and isolate the circulating cancer cells, leading to rapid and ultrasensitive detection. The unique advantages and shortcomings of the differently designed nanomachines are also discussed. Lastly, we present our perspective and highlight the challenges in implementing micro/nanomotors for clinical applications in a real-world environment. It is anticipated that these bioinspired nanomachines/microrobots would be self-propelled and perform multi-tasking, which could help surgeons or physicians to perform challenging and timely tasks for the noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of cancer in future nanomedicine.

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仿生微/纳米电机用于癌症的自驱动无创诊断和治疗

在过去的二十年里，人们对微/纳米马达进行了广泛的探索，以实现有效的生物医学诊断和治疗。纳米马达是一种微型智能设备，其灵感来自于原位显示的生物马达由于自身的运动而产生能量转换。科学家们的目标是对这些仿生纳米马达进行更具创新性的设计，以开发一种自走式生物医学设备，该设备可以执行从药物输送、生物传感到疾病目标治疗的各种应用，其中的动作可以由不同的能源轻松驱动，包括生化、光、磁场和电场。在此，我们回顾了用于生物医学应用的仿生微/纳米电机的最新发展，旨在更好地了解电机推进的确切机制并建立对运动、方向和速度的正确控制。首先，我们重点介绍用于推动微型电机的能源。下一个，我们讨论了将微/纳米马达作为一种用于癌症诊断和治疗的智能综合生物医学纳米器件的建立。最近的研究表明，这些微/纳米马达可以迅速定位癌细胞，穿透细胞膜，到达细胞质并分离循环癌细胞，从而实现快速和超灵敏的检测。还讨论了不同设计的纳米机器的独特优点和缺点。最后，我们提出了我们的观点，并强调了在现实环境中为临床应用实施微/纳米电机所面临的挑战。预计这些仿生纳米机器/微型机器人将是自我驱动的并执行多任务，