Citrus peels are the richest source of essential oils (EOs). The growing demand for natural products has affected the industrial production of food and beverages (e.g., juices, spirits, energy drinks, and carbonated drinks). EOs are health-promoting substances preferred over synthetic additives. They are “generally regarded as safe” by international regulatory bodies and, therefore, are safe for use as food additives for human consumption. The cosmetics industry uses EOs for manufacturing soaps, creams, gels, and shampoos. Moreover, EOs are used in the pharmaceutical industry because of their antimicrobial properties. This paper describes the technical productivity and feasibility in terms of energy requirement of EOs’ extraction from grapefruit peel using a pilot-scale twin-screw extruder. A maximum productivity of 2.21 g EO/(kg dry base peel·min) was achieved with a minimum energy requirement of 0.72 W·h/g EO. These results indicated that the proposed method could be advantageous compared with conventional industrial processes. The produced EO satisfied the highest international quality standards; therefore, the proposed process can be used for producing high-quality EO with commercial value.

中文翻译：

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使用中试双螺杆挤出机从废弃葡萄柚皮中提取精油

柑橘皮是精油 (EO) 的最丰富来源。对天然产品不断增长的需求影响了食品和饮料（例如果汁、烈酒、能量饮料和碳酸饮料）的工业生产。EO 是一种优于合成添加剂的促进健康的物质。它们被国际监管机构“普遍认为是安全的”，因此可以安全地用作人类消费的食品添加剂。化妆品行业使用 EO 制造肥皂、面霜、凝胶和洗发水。此外，EOs 因其抗菌特性而被用于制药行业。本文描述了使用中试规模的双螺杆挤出机从葡萄柚皮中提取 EO 的能量需求方面的技术生产力和可行性。最大生产力 2。以 0.72 W·h/g EO 的最低能量需求实现了 21 g EO/(kg 干基果皮·分钟)。这些结果表明，与传统的工业过程相比，所提出的方法可能是有利的。生产的EO符合国际最高质量标准；因此，所提出的工艺可用于生产具有商业价值的高质量 EO。