With 5,300 species, the Cryptocephalinae is the fourth largest subfamily of the megadiverse Chrysomelidae beetles. This subfamily currently merges groups that were traditionally considered subfamilies of their own, including the fulcidacines, clytrines and cryptocephalines, and it is believed to be sister to the Lamprosomatinae, forming a natural group characterized by immature stages developing within the protection of a solid case of organic matter known as scatoshell. However, hypotheses on the higher-level systematics of this diverse group and the recognition of its closest relatives have been numerous and none of them tested with phylogenetic approaches, save for an unpublished study based on morphology. In this work, we provide the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for a large dataset of Cryptocephalinae (167 species, 66 genera) based on the analysis of five gene fragments, including up to 3,488 aligned nucleotide positions of the mitochondrial DNA cox1 and rrnS, and the nuclearly encoded LSU, elongation factor 1-alpha and polyadenylate binding protein 1. The phylogeny confirms the sister-group relationship between Cryptocephalinae and Lamprosomatinae and identifies the Eumolpinae as the sister to this assemblage. Moreover, it partly refutes the current system for Cryptocephalinae giving support to five tribes in the subfamily: Fulcidacini and Clytrini, matching the current system, Pachybrachini separated from Cryptocephalini, and a new subantarctic tribe, Mylassini trib. n., divergent from the other lineages. Among Clytrini, data support inclusion of Ischyopachina within New World Babiina, which together with New World Megalostomina would be sister to Old World Clytrina. In Cryptocephalini, after exclusion of pachybrachines, four subtribes are distinguished, of which only Stylosomina matches the current system. Otherwise, the current Monachulina are dismantled into three clades deserving subtribal status, one of which, former New World Monachulina genera, is unambiguously transferred to Cryptocephalina. A molecular clock calibrated using paleontological and biogeographic information places the origin of the subfamily in the Early Cretaceous and the split of the main evolutionary lineages temporally and geographically congruent with the fragmentation of major Gondwanan territories.

中文翻译：

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隐头甲叶甲的分子系统学、高级分类和冈瓦纳起源

Cryptocephalinae 有 5,300 个物种，是巨型金星科甲虫的第四大亚科。该亚科目前合并了传统上被认为是它们自己的亚科的组，包括 fulcidacines、clytrines 和 cryptocephalines，并且它被认为是 Lamprosomatinae 的姐妹，形成一个自然组，其特征是在一个坚实的病例保护下发育不成熟的阶段有机物称为臭壳。然而，关于这个多样化群体的更高层次系统学及其近亲的识别的假设很多，除了一项基于形态学的未发表研究外，没有一个假设用系统发育方法进行测试。在这项工作中，我们为隐头鱼科（167 种，cox1和rrnS，以及核编码的 LSU、延伸因子 1-α 和聚腺苷酸结合蛋白 1。系统发育证实了 Cryptocephalinae 和 Lamprosomatinae 之间的姐妹群关系，并将 Eumolpinae 确定为该组合的姐妹。此外，它部分反驳了 Cryptocephalinae 支持亚科中五个部落的当前系统：Fulcidacini 和 Clytrini，匹配当前系统，Pachybrachini 与 Cryptocephalini 分离，以及一个新的亚南极部落 Mylassini 部落。n.，与其他血统不同。在 Clytrini 中，数据支持 Ischyopachina 包含在新世界 Babiina 中，与新世界 Megalostomina 一起将成为旧世界 Clytrina 的姐妹。在Cryptocephalini中，在排除厚臂虫后，可以区分出四个亚部落，其中只有Stylosomina与当前系统相匹配。否则，当前的 Monachulina 被分解为三个值得亚部落地位的进化枝，其中一个，前新世界 Monachulina 属，明确转移到 Cryptocephalina。使用古生物学和生物地理信息校准的分子钟将亚科的起源置于白垩纪早期，主要进化谱系的分裂在时间和地理上与主要冈瓦纳地区的分裂一致。