This article, divided into two parts, traces and discusses two pairs of analogies invoked in Sanskrit(ic) literature to articulate the paradox of God’s oneness and multiplicity vis-à-vis the souls and the manifest world, reflecting the philosophical positions of pariṇāmavāda (and bhedābheda/dvaitādvaita or, in some cases, viśiṣṭādvaita) and vivartavāda (and abheda/advaita). These are, respectively, the analogies of fire in wood and dairy products in milk, and moon/sun in pools of water and space in pots. In Part I, having introduced prevalent ideas about the status of the supreme principle(s) vis-à-vis creation in Śaivism, Sāṅkhya, and Vedānta, I investigate instances of the first pair of analogies in multiple textual genres, and especially in Śaiva literature from South and Southeast Asia, to highlight the influence of pariṇāma-Vedānta on the Śaiva textual corpus. Arguing that the distribution of the two pairs of analogies may cast some light on the relationship between different strands of dualistic and non-dualistic scriptures, I propose that the first pair could be traced back to the “formative” period of Śaivism—that is, prior to the emergence of the fully dualistic Śaiva Saiddhāntika corpus known to us.

这篇文章分为两部分，追溯和讨论梵文（ic）文学中引用的两对类比，以阐明上帝对灵魂和显化世界的一体性和多样性的悖论，反映了pariṇāmavāda的哲学立场（和bhedābheda/dvaitādvaita或，在某些情况下， viśiṣṭādvaita）和vivartavāda（和abheda / advaita）。这些分别是木材中的火和牛奶中的乳制品，水池中的月亮/太阳和盆中的空间的类比。在第一部分中，在介绍了 Śaivism、Sāṅkhya 和 Vedānta 中关于最高原则相对于创造的地位的流行观点之后，我调查了多种文本体裁中第一对类比的实例，尤其是在 Śaiva来自南亚和东南亚的文学，以突出pariṇāma的影响- Śaiva 文本语料库中的吠檀多。认为这两对类比的分布可能对二元论和非二元论不同经文之间的关系有所了解，我建议第一对可以追溯到 Śaivism 的“形成”时期——即，在我们所知的完全二元论的 Śaiva Saiddhāntika 语料库出现之前。