Urban green infrastructure provides a range of experiences for people and various health benefits that support human well-being. To increase urban resilience, exceptional situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are important to learn from. This study aims to understand how the residents in Turku, a middle-sized city in Finland, perceived their outdoor recreation changed and how nature contributed to their subjective well-being during the early phases of the COVID-19. Sites of outdoor recreation and associated ecosystem service benefits were gathered through a map-based survey. In addition, the contribution of nature on subjective well-being was measured through Likert scale statements and the perceived changes in outdoor recreation behaviour were measured through self-reported number of days and from responses to open survey questions. Data was analysed through quantitative, qualitative and spatial methods.

The results show that nearly half of the respondents increased outdoor recreation and the majority of outdoor recreation sites were visited more or as often as before the pandemic. The spatial analysis revealed that the most often visited recreation sites were near forests, semi-natural areas and housing areas as well as relatively close to respondent’s residence. Respondents had various reasons for changes in outdoor recreation behaviour. For some a shift to working remotely and changes in everyday routines led to spending time outdoors more often and for some spending less while others avoided recreation in crowded areas due to social distancing. The results also indicate that people’s opportunities to adapt to the pandemic conditions differ greatly. The nature’s contribution to subjective well-being during COVID-19 was important regardless of respondent’s outdoor recreation behaviour. Our study highlights that urban planning should respond to different needs for outdoor recreation in order to widely, and in a just way, promote the well-being benefits of urban nature during a pandemic, and to increase the resilience of the city and its residents. Participatory mapping can capture the variety in resident’s values and identify key recreation sites of multiple ecosystem service benefits.

城市绿色基础设施为人们提供了一系列体验和支持人类福祉的各种健康益处。为提高城市韧性，从 COVID-19 大流行等特殊情况中吸取教训很重要。本研究旨在了解芬兰中等城市图尔库的居民如何看待他们的户外休闲活动发生了变化，以及大自然如何在 COVID-19 的早期阶段对他们的主观幸福感做出贡献。通过基于地图的调查收集了户外休闲场所和相关的生态系统服务效益。此外，自然对主观幸福感的贡献是通过李克特量表来衡量的，户外休闲行为的感知变化是通过自我报告的天数和对开放式调查问题的回答来衡量的。

结果显示，近一半的受访者增加了户外娱乐活动，大多数户外娱乐场所的访问次数与大流行前一样多或一样频繁。空间分析显示，最常光顾的休闲场所位于森林、半自然区和住宅区附近，以及相对靠近受访者住所的地方。受访者出于各种原因改变了户外休闲行为。对于一些人来说，远程工作的转变和日常生活的改变导致他们更频繁地在户外度过，而对于一些人来说，他们减少了户外活动，而另一些人则由于社交距离而避免在拥挤的地方娱乐。结果还表明，人们适应大流行状况的机会存在很大差异。无论受访者的户外休闲行为如何，大自然在 COVID-19 期间对主观幸福感的贡献都很重要。我们的研究强调，城市规划应响应不同的户外休闲需求，以便在大流行期间广泛、公正地促进城市自然的福祉，并增强城市及其居民的恢复力。参与式制图可以捕捉居民价值观的多样性，并确定具有多种生态系统服务效益的主要休闲场所。