In this paper, the spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire were studied in the Jharia Coalfield (JCF), India during 2006–2015 through satellite-based night-time land surface temperature (LST) imaging. The LST was retrieved from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) night-time thermal-infrared data by a robust split-window algorithm based on scene-specific regression coefficients, band-specific hybrid emissivity, and night-time atmospheric transmittance. The LST-profile-based coal fire detection algorithm was formulated through statistical analysis of the LST values along multiple transects across diverse coal fire locations in the JCF in order to compute date-specific threshold temperatures for separating thermally-anomalous and background pixels. This algorithm efficiently separates surface fire, subsurface fire, and thermally-anomalous transitional pixels. During the observation period, it was noticed that the coal fire area increased significantly, which resulted from new coal fire at many places owing to extensive opencast-mining operations. It was observed that the fire propagation occurred primarily along the dip direction of the coal seams. At places, lateral-propagation of limited spatial extent was also observed along the strike direction possibly due to spatial continuity of the coal seams along strike. Moreover, the opencast-mining activities carried out during 2009–2015 and the structurally weak planes facilitated the fire propagation.

本文通过基于卫星的夜间地表温度（LST）成像研究了 2006-2015 年印度贾里亚煤田（JCF）煤火的时空变化和传播方向。LST 是通过基于特定场景回归系数、特定波段混合发射率和夜间大气透射率的稳健分裂窗口算法从高级星载热发射和反射辐射计 (ASTER) 夜间热红外数据中检索到的。基于 LST 剖面的煤火检测算法是通过对 JCF 中不同煤火位置的多个横断面的 LST 值进行统计分析来制定的，以计算特定日期的阈值温度，以分离热异常像素和背景像素。该算法有效地分离了表面火灾、地下火灾和热异常过渡像素。观察期间发现，煤火面积明显增加，这是由于大量露天开采作业导致多处新燃煤所致。据观察，火势蔓延主要沿煤层的倾角方向发生。在某些地方，沿走向还观察到有限空间范围的横向传播，这可能是由于煤层沿走向的空间连续性。此外，2009-2015 年期间进行的露天采矿活动和结构薄弱的平面促进了火势蔓延。注意到煤火面积显着增加，这是由于大量露天采矿作业导致许多地方出现新的煤火。据观察，火势蔓延主要沿煤层的倾角方向发生。在某些地方，沿走向还观察到有限空间范围的横向传播，这可能是由于煤层沿走向的空间连续性。此外，2009-2015 年期间进行的露天采矿活动和结构薄弱的平面促进了火势蔓延。注意到煤火面积显着增加，这是由于大量露天采矿作业导致许多地方出现新的煤火。据观察，火势蔓延主要沿煤层的倾角方向发生。在某些地方，沿走向还观察到有限空间范围的横向传播，这可能是由于煤层沿走向的空间连续性。此外，2009-2015 年期间进行的露天采矿活动和结构薄弱的平面促进了火势蔓延。沿走向方向也观察到有限空间范围的横向传播，这可能是由于煤层沿走向的空间连续性。此外，2009-2015 年期间进行的露天采矿活动和结构薄弱的平面促进了火势蔓延。沿走向方向也观察到有限空间范围的横向传播，这可能是由于煤层沿走向的空间连续性。此外，2009-2015 年期间进行的露天采矿活动和结构薄弱的平面促进了火势蔓延。