This work presents a thorough study on the early stage of copper electrodeposition from a choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent (DES). Determination of possible species in DES containing Cu²⁺ ions as the electrolytes has been performed using UV-Vis measurements. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of copper electrodeposition on glassy carbon electrode from DES were thoroughly investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). Both results from CA and CV have demonstrated that the copper electrodeposition could be performed directly from DES containing a small amount of water by the single potentiostatic step technique. Theoretical approach confirmed that the direct electronucleation of copper nanoparticles in the DES can be described by a model with two contributions, namely, (i) adsorption process and (ii) a three-dimensional (3D) nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth of copper nuclei, to the total current density transients. Kinetic parameters are important for controlling morphology and chemical composition of the obtained nanoparticles, which are verified by surface characterization techniques such as SEM and EDS.

中文翻译：

---

使用氯化胆碱-尿素共晶混合物从 CuCl2·H2O 中制备铜纳米粒子的电化学行为和电成核

这项工作对从氯化胆碱-尿素低共熔溶剂 (DES) 电沉积铜的早期阶段进行了深入研究。确定含有 Cu ^{2+ 的}DES 中可能的物种离子作为电解质已使用 UV-Vis 测量进行。使用循环伏安法 (CV) 和计时电流法 (CA) 彻底研究了来自 DES 的玻璃碳电极上铜电沉积的动力学和热力学方面。CA 和 CV 的结果都表明，铜电沉积可以通过单恒电位步骤技术直接从含有少量水的 DES 中进行。理论方法证实，DES 中铜纳米粒子的直接电子成核可以通过具有两个贡献的模型来描述，即（i）吸附过程和（ii）铜核的三维（3D）成核和扩散控制生长, 到总电流密度瞬变。