During the late twentieth century, U.S. mothers' propensities to hold full-time jobs became increasingly unequal across the distribution of socioeconomic status (SES). Consequently, daughters in high-SES households became more likely to be raised by working mothers than daughters in low-SES households. To what extent did this unequal exposure further shape maternal employment inequality in the twenty-first century-when these daughters had grown into adults and begun to raise their own children? Leveraging the genealogical structure of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this article estimates intergenerational employment coefficients on a sample of late twentieth century mothers and their daughters. It documents a much stronger intergenerational relationship in high-SES families than in low-SES families. Supplementary analyses reveal that being raised by a working mother significantly reduces the motherhood employment penalty among high-SES women but not among low-SES women. Unequal rates of mother-daughter employment transmission by SES can account for 36% of growing inequality in maternal employment across SES groups, observed in the Current Population Survey, between 1999 and 2016. These findings indicate that family-level transmission processes magnify the effects of structural forces on maternal employment inequality.

中文翻译：

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母亲就业状况日益不平等：代际传递的作用。

在 20 世纪后期，美国母亲从事全职工作的倾向在社会经济地位 (SES) 的分布中变得越来越不平等。因此，与低社会经济地位家庭的女儿相比，高社会经济地位家庭的女儿更有可能由职业母亲抚养。这种不平等暴露在多大程度上进一步塑造了 21 世纪的母亲就业不平等——当时这些女儿已经长大成人并开始抚养自己的孩子？利用收入动态小组研究的谱系结构，本文估计了 20 世纪后期母亲及其女儿样本的代际就业系数。它记录了高 SES 家庭比低 SES 家庭更强的代际关系。补充分析表明，由职业母亲抚养会显着降低高 SES 女性的母亲就业惩罚，但不会降低低 SES 女性。在 1999 年至 2016 年的当前人口调查中观察到，SES 造成的母女就业传播率不均可能占 SES 群体中孕产妇就业不平等加剧的 36%。这些发现表明，家庭层面的传播过程放大了 SES 群体的影响。孕产妇就业不平等的结构性力量。