Abstract

Greece and Russia had had a long and complicated relationship to the Ottoman Empire and especially to its sizable Orthodox Christian minority. The Sick Man of Europe was trying to cure himself quite vigorously from 1856 to 1908 but most contemporary Western and Balkan observers as well as modern historians did not rate Ottoman modernization efforts very high. Unlike their Russian counterparts implemented in the same time period, they are never labeled as ‘Great Reforms’. This article will demonstrate that during Tanzimat and its sequels, even Turkey’s archrival yet similarly dynastic empire supported Ottoman secularization and religious equality short of removing residual Christian Orthodox autonomy. Surprisingly, a very different polity, the ethnocentric Greek nation-state had similar reactions hoping to enable Ottoman Greeks to dominate the Sultan’s realm politically and economically. Russia’s motive was also to extend its influence through the traditional Ottoman institution - the Patriarchate of Constantinople - without destroying the Ottoman Empire or even engaging in conspicuous unilateralism and thereby provoking another war with the other Great Powers. While St Petersburg attempted to steer Ottoman reforms along federative lines advocating broad autonomy for Christian majority provinces, Athens backed Sultan’s direct rule except in ethnically Greek areas like Crete.

摘要

希腊和俄罗斯与奥斯曼帝国有着长期而复杂的关系，尤其是与其数量庞大的东正教基督教少数派。从 1856 年到 1908 年，欧洲病夫非常积极地试图治愈自己，但大多数当代西方和巴尔干观察家以及现代历史学家并没有对奥斯曼帝国的现代化努力给予很高的评价。与同时期实施的俄罗斯同行不同，它们从未被贴上“伟大改革”的标签。本文将证明，在 Tanzimat 及其续集期间，即使是土耳其的主要竞争对手但同样是王朝的帝国也支持奥斯曼世俗化和宗教平等，而没有消除残留的基督教东正教自治。令人惊讶的是，一个非常不同的政体，以种族为中心的希腊民族国家也有类似的反应，希望能够让奥斯曼希腊人在政治和经济上主宰苏丹的领土。俄罗斯的动机还在于通过传统的奥斯曼帝国机构——君士坦丁堡宗主教区——扩大其影响力，而不是摧毁奥斯曼帝国，甚至不采取明显的单边主义，从而引发与其他大国的另一场战争。虽然圣彼得堡试图沿着联邦路线引导奥斯曼帝国改革，提倡基督教占多数的省份拥有广泛的自治权，但雅典支持苏丹的直接统治，但在克里特岛等希腊族地区除外。俄罗斯的动机还在于通过传统的奥斯曼帝国机构——君士坦丁堡宗主教区——扩大其影响力，而不是摧毁奥斯曼帝国，甚至不采取明显的单边主义，从而引发与其他大国的另一场战争。虽然圣彼得堡试图沿着联邦路线引导奥斯曼帝国改革，提倡基督教占多数的省份拥有广泛的自治权，但雅典支持苏丹的直接统治，但在克里特岛等希腊族地区除外。俄罗斯的动机还在于通过传统的奥斯曼帝国机构——君士坦丁堡宗主教区——扩大其影响力，而不是摧毁奥斯曼帝国，甚至不采取明显的单边主义，从而引发与其他大国的另一场战争。虽然圣彼得堡试图沿着联邦路线引导奥斯曼帝国改革，提倡基督教占多数的省份拥有广泛的自治权，但雅典支持苏丹的直接统治，但在克里特岛等希腊族地区除外。