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Triangle of cytokine storm, central nervous system involvement, and viral infection in COVID-19: the role of sFasL and neuropilin-1
Reviews in the Neurosciences ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 , DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0047
Kiarash Saleki 1, 2, 3 , Mohammad Banazadeh 4 , Niloufar Sadat Miri 5 , Abbas Azadmehr 3, 5, 6
Affiliation  

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and is often linked to extreme inflammatory responses by over activation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), cytokine storm, and sepsis. These are robust causes for multi-organ damage. In particular, potential routes of SARS-CoV2 entry, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), have been linked to central nervous system (CNS) involvement. CNS has been recognized as one of the most susceptible compartments to cytokine storm, which can be affected by neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). ACE2 is widely-recognized as a SARS-CoV2 entry pathway; However, NRP-1 has been recently introduced as a novel path of viral entry. Apoptosis of cells invaded by this virus involves Fas receptor–Fas ligand (FasL) signaling; moreover, Fas receptor may function as a controller of inflammation. Furthermore, NRP-1 may influence FasL and modulate cytokine profile. The neuroimmunological insult by SARS-CoV2 infection may be inhibited by therapeutic approaches targeting soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), cytokine storm elements, or related viral entry pathways. In the current review, we explain pivotal players behind the activation of cytokine storm that are associated with vast CNS injury. We also hypothesize that sFasL may affect neuroinflammatory processes and trigger the cytokine storm in COVID-19.

中文翻译:

COVID-19 中细胞因子风暴、中枢神经系统受累和病毒感染的三角关系:sFasL 和 neuropilin-1 的作用

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV2) 被确定为 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 的病因,并且通常与过度激活中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NET)、细胞因子风暴和败血症有关的极端炎症反应有关. 这些是多器官损伤的重要原因。特别是,SARS-CoV2 进入的潜在途径,例如血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2),与中枢神经系统 (CNS) 受累有关。中枢神经系统被认为是最容易受到细胞因子风暴影响的部分之一,它可能受到神经纤维蛋白 1 (NRP-1) 的影响。ACE2 被广泛认为是 SARS-CoV2 的进入途径;然而,最近引入了 NRP-1 作为病毒进入的新途径。被这种病毒侵袭的细胞的凋亡涉及 Fas 受体-Fas 配体 (FasL) 信号传导;而且,Fas受体可以作为炎症的控制器。此外,NRP-1 可能影响 FasL 并调节细胞因子谱。SARS-CoV2 感染引起的神经免疫损伤可以通过靶向可溶性 Fas 配体 (sFasL)、细胞因子风暴元件或相关病毒进入途径的治疗方法得到抑制。在当前的审查中,我们解释了与大量 CNS 损伤相关的细胞因子风暴激活背后的关键因素。我们还假设 sFasL 可能会影响神经炎症过程并引发 COVID-19 中的细胞因子风暴。或相关的病毒进入途径。在当前的审查中,我们解释了与大量 CNS 损伤相关的细胞因子风暴激活背后的关键因素。我们还假设 sFasL 可能会影响神经炎症过程并引发 COVID-19 中的细胞因子风暴。或相关的病毒进入途径。在当前的审查中,我们解释了与大量 CNS 损伤相关的细胞因子风暴激活背后的关键因素。我们还假设 sFasL 可能会影响神经炎症过程并引发 COVID-19 中的细胞因子风暴。
更新日期:2022-02-01
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