Recent decades have seen increases in the variability of family income, tepid income growth rates for all but the richest families, and widening income inequality. These trends are concerning for child well-being, given the importance of income to parental investments and parenting practices. Growing evidence suggests that a high level of change is disruptive to family processes and that chronic stress affects physiology as well as psychology. This study used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement to estimate associations between three dimensions of childhood income dynamics-level, variability, and trend-and child achievement and behavior. After income level was controlled for, income variability during childhood was not associated with child achievement or behavior, but an increasing five-year trend in income-to-needs was modestly beneficial to behavior measures. Subgroup analysis suggests some adverse effects of income variability and trend on reading and behavior for non-White children but no clear patterns by child's age or family income or wealth levels.

中文翻译：

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家庭收入水平、可变性和趋势作为儿童成就和行为的预测因素。

近几十年来，家庭收入的可变性有所增加，除了最富有的家庭之外，所有家庭的收入增长率都不温不火，收入不平等也在扩大。鉴于收入对父母投资和养育方式的重要性，这些趋势关系到儿童的福祉。越来越多的证据表明，高水平的变化会破坏家庭进程，而慢性压力会影响生理和心理。本研究使用收入动态儿童发展补充小组研究来估计儿童收入动态水平、可变性和趋势三个维度与儿童成就和行为之间的关联。在控制了收入水平后，儿童时期的收入变化与儿童的成就或行为无关，但收入与需求之比的五年增长趋势对行为测量略有帮助。亚组分析表明收入变化和趋势对非白人儿童的阅读和行为有一些不利影响，但没有明确的儿童年龄或家庭收入或财富水平模式。