Conventional wisdom views the parent-child relationship as unilateral: Parents' actions upstream flow downstream to shape their children's development. However, scholars have proposed that this view of parenting is lopsided; children may influence their parents no less than parents influence children. We apply this bilateral perspective in a reexamination of the robust finding that confident people report having had more supportive parents. The social-cognitive explanation for this finding is that parents endow their children with support that builds confidence. However, evolutionary accounts suggest that confident children-displaying more promise and potential-ought to attract their parents' investments of support. We examined these predictions in a four-wave longitudinal study drawing on both archival and field survey data from 350 STEM students (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in the Philippines. Results were consistent with the bilateral perspective, in which parental support endowed children with confidence, but also children's confidence attracted parental support in equal measure. These reciprocal relations also had implications for whether or not students persisted in their computer science degrees. The results indicate that parental endowments of confidence and parental investments of support form a virtuous cycle, consistent with the perspective that self-efficacy operates not only as an intrapsychic resource allocator but also as an interpersonal resource attractor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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精明的投资还是形成性的禀赋？解开 STEM 大学生父母支持与自我效能感之间的因果关系。

传统观点认为亲子关系是单方面的：父母的行为顺流而下，影响孩子的发展。然而，有学者提出，这种育儿观是片面的；孩子对父母的影响不亚于父母对孩子的影响。我们将这种双边视角应用于重新审视自信的人报告有更多支持父母的有力发现。这一发现的社会认知解释是，父母给予孩子建立信心的支持。然而，进化论表明，自信的孩子——表现出更多的希望和潜力——应该吸引父母的支持投资。我们利用来自菲律宾 350 名 STEM 学生（科学、技术、工程和数学）的档案和实地调查数据，在一项四波纵向研究中检验了这些预测。结果与双边观点一致，父母的支持赋予孩子自信，但孩子的自信同样吸引了父母的支持。这些相互关系也对学生是否坚持他们的计算机科学学位有影响。结果表明，父母的信心禀赋和父母的支持投资形成了一个良性循环，这与自我效能不仅作为心理资源分配器而且作为人际资源吸引器起作用的观点一致。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，