Bile acids perform vital functions in the human liver and are the essential component of bile. It is therefore not surprising that the biology of bile acids is extremely complex, regulated on different levels, and involves soluble and membrane receptors as well as transporters. Hereditary disorders of these proteins manifest in different pathophysiological processes that result in liver diseases of varying severity. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of bile acids with an emphasis on recently established analytical approaches as well as the molecular mechanisms that underlie signaling and transport of bile acids. In this review, we will focus on ABC transporters of the canalicular membrane and their associated diseases. As the G protein-coupled receptor, TGR5, receives increasing attention, we have included aspects of this receptor and its interaction with bile acids.

中文翻译：

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胆汁酸在人类肝脏生理学和病理生理学中的许多方面

胆汁酸在人体肝脏中发挥重要作用，是胆汁的基本成分。因此，胆汁酸的生物学极其复杂，在不同水平上受到调节，并涉及可溶性和膜受体以及转运蛋白，这并不奇怪。这些蛋白质的遗传性疾病表现为不同的病理生理过程，导致不同严重程度的肝病。在这篇综述中，我们总结了我们目前对胆汁酸生理学和病理生理学的了解，重点是最近建立的分析方法以及胆汁酸信号传导和转运的分子机制。在这篇综述中，我们将重点关注小管膜的 ABC 转运蛋白及其相关疾病。随着 G 蛋白偶联受体 TGR5 受到越来越多的关注，