In 2016 and 2017, 98 separate commercially available bird feed mixes were examined for the presence of weed seed. All weed seed contaminants were counted and identified by species. Amaranthus species were present in 94 of the 98 bags of bird feed. Amaranthus species present in bird feed mixes included waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.). Amaranthus palmeri was present in 27 of the 98 mixes. Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L., syn: Polygonum convolvulus), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Setaria species were also present in bird feed mixes. A greenhouse assay to determine Amaranthus species seed germinability and resistance to glyphosate revealed that approximately 19% of Amaranthus seed in bird feed mixes are readily germinable, and five mixes contained A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri seed that were resistant to glyphosate. Results from linear regression and t-test analysis indicate that when proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), grain sorghum, and corn (Zea mays L.) were present in feed mixes, Amaranthus seed contamination was increased. The presence of proso millet and grain sorghum also increased contamination of grass weed species, while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased A. artemisiifolia contamination and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased contamination of Bassia scoparia.

中文翻译：

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检查市售鸟类饲料中的杂草种子污染物

2016 年和 2017 年，对 98 种单独的市售鸟类饲料混合物进行了检查，以确定是否存在杂草种子。所有杂草种子污染物都按物种进行计数和鉴定。苋菜在 98 袋鸟饲料中，有 94 袋存在物种。苋菜鸟类饲料混合物中存在的物种包括水麻 [苋菜(Moq.) Sauer]，红根藜 (苋菜L.), 帕尔默苋菜 (苋菜S. Watson），光滑的藜（苋菜L.) 和翻滚藜 (苋菜L.)。苋菜存在于 98 种混音中的 27 种。普通豚草种子（青蒿L.), 地肤 [地瓜(L.) AJ Scott]，谷物高粱 [双色高粱(L.) Moench]、野荞麦 (空心莲L.，同义词：旋花), 普通羔羊肉 (藜专辑L.), 大马唐 [血楹（L.）Scop.]，和狗尾草鸟类饲料混合物中也存在物种。温室试验来确定苋菜物种种子的发芽能力和对草甘膦的抗性表明，大约 19%苋菜鸟饲料混合物中的种子很容易发芽，并且含有五种混合物A. tuberculatus 和 A. palmeri对草甘膦具有抗性的种子。线性回归的结果和吨-测试分析表明，当proso小米（稗L.)、高粱和玉米 (玉米L.) 存在于饲料混合物中，苋菜种子污染增加。小米和高粱的存在也增加了禾本科杂草的污染，而向日葵（向日葵L.) 增加青蒿污染和红花（红花L.) 增加污染地瓜.