This study implements the ecosystem service framework to link the concepts of farming activity and ecosystem restoration within the circular economy. It proposes a method for identifying social indicators of ecosystem restoration that can be taken into account in the transition towards more circular and sustainable agricultural systems. Using a case study located in semi-arid Mediterranean landscapes, we conducted a social sampling with 350 respondents to explore how an almond tree restoration changes perceptions and preferences for ecosystem services, and how these socio-ecological changes translate into indicators of natural capital and human wellbeing. Results not only indicated that the almond tree restoration induced changes in people´s preferences and perceptions for ecosystem services, such as an increase in ecosystem service diversity (i.e., local identity and erosion control), but they also demonstrated how the social and cultural benefits associated to ecosystem services can be used as indicators of human well-being (i.e., human health and access to goods). We suggest that the inclusion of social indicators of ecosystem restoration must be included in policies and initiatives for a transition to circular economy, and to achieve the challenges of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

本研究实施生态系统服务框架，将循环经济中的农业活动和生态系统恢复的概念联系起来。它提出了一种确定生态系统恢复的社会指标的方法，可以在向更循环和可持续的农业系统过渡时加以考虑。使用位于半干旱地中海景观的案例研究，我们对 350 名受访者进行了社会抽样，以探索杏仁树恢复如何改变对生态系统服务的看法和偏好，以及这些社会生态变化如何转化为自然资本和人类的指标福利。结果不仅表明，杏仁树恢复导致人们对生态系统服务的偏好和看法发生变化，例如生态系统服务多样性的增加（即 、当地特征和侵蚀控制），但他们也展示了如何将与生态系统服务相关的社会和文化效益用作人类福祉（即人类健康和商品获取）的指标。我们建议，必须将生态系统恢复的社会指标纳入向循环经济转型的政策和举措，以应对联合国生态系统恢复十年的挑战。