Purpose of review

This review is intended to address the issues of unsafe disposal of antibiotics from various sources to the environment, its incomplete degradation, the resulting antibiotic resistance properties on microorganisms exposed to these antibiotics as well as some currently available techniques to remove both the antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) from water and wastewater systems.

Recent findings

There is a linear correlation between the concentration of antibiotics in wastewater and the emergence of ARBs and the presence of ARGs. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) remains as one of the primary sources for ARB and ARG, even though the occurrence of ARBs and ARGs has also been reported in environment with no anthropogenic impact. Conventional removal techniques are available together with newer approaches that promises higher ARBs and ARGs removal efficiencies. Use of bioinformatic tools such as plasmidome is important to ensure sufficient information on ARGs, which may be directly mobilized and transferred to pathogens, can be obtained and analyzed.

Summary

This review highlights the effects of continuous exposure to ARBs and ARGs present in the environment, notably wastewater, to human health. Various sources of antibiotics, classes of ARBs, and types of ARGs are adequately covered including highlights on recent reports from different countries. Conventional and newer approaches to remove ARBs and ARGs from wastewater were also elaborated to further assist reader’s understanding on the subject matter discussed.

中文翻译：

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细菌抗生素抗性基因综述及其从废水中的去除策略

审查目的

本综述旨在解决将各种来源的抗生素不安全地排放到环境中的问题、其不完全降解、由此产生的对暴露于这些抗生素的微生物的抗生素抗性特性以及一些目前可用的去除抗生素抗性细菌的技术(ARBs) 和来自水和废水系统的抗生素抗性基因 (ARGs)。

最近的发现

废水中抗生素的浓度与 ARB 的出现和 ARG 的存在之间存在线性相关性。污水处理厂 (WWTP) 仍然是 ARB 和 ARG 的主要来源之一，尽管也有报道称 ARB 和 ARG 在没有人为影响的环境中发生。传统的去除技术可与较新的方法一起使用，这些方法有望实现更高的 ARB 和 ARG 去除效率。使用质粒组等生物信息学工具对于确保获得和分析可直接动员并转移到病原体的 ARG 的足够信息非常重要。

概括

这篇综述强调了持续暴露于环境中存在的 ARB 和 ARG 对人类健康的影响，尤其是废水。充分涵盖了抗生素的各种来源、ARB 类别和 ARG 类型，包括不同国家最近报告的重点。还详细阐述了从废水中去除 ARB 和 ARG 的传统和更新方法，以进一步帮助读者理解所讨论的主题。