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Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics ( IF 7.966 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-01 , DOI: 10.1257/app.20180010
Henrik Kleven 1 , Camille Landais 2 , Jakob Egholt Søgaard 3
Affiliation  

Despite considerable gender convergence over time, substantial gender inequality persists in all countries. Using Danish administrative data from 1980-2013 and an event study approach, we show that most of the remaining gender inequality in earnings is due to children. The arrival of children creates a gender gap in earnings of around 20% in the long run, driven in roughly equal proportions by labor force participation, hours of work, and wage rates. Underlying these "child penalties", we find clear dynamic impacts on occupation, promotion to manager, sector, and the family friendliness of the firm for women relative to men. Based on a dynamic decomposition framework, we show that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has increased dramatically over time, from about 40% in 1980 to about 80% in 2013. As a possible explanation for the persistence of child penalties, we show that they are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters (but not sons), consistent with an influence of childhood environment in the formation of women's preferences over family and career

中文翻译:

儿童与性别不平等:来自丹麦的证据

尽管随着时间的推移出现了相当大的性别趋同,但所有国家仍然存在严重的性别不平等。使用 1980 年至 2013 年的丹麦行政数据和事件研究方法,我们表明收入中剩余的大部分性别不平等是由儿童造成的。从长远来看,儿童的到来造成了大约 20% 的性别收入差距,这在劳动力参与率、工作时间和工资率的推动下大致相同。在这些“儿童惩罚”的基础上,我们发现相对于男性,女性对公司的职业、晋升为经理、部门和家庭友好度有明显的动态影响。基于动态分解框架,我们表明由儿童惩罚引起的性别不平等比例随着时间的推移急剧增加,从 1980 年的约 40% 到 2013 年的约 80%。
更新日期:2019-10-01
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