Last-mile deliveries usually occur within urban areas where logistics operations increase congestion and emissions, as well as associated roadway-related health impacts. This paper evaluates the role of incentives for zero and near-zero emission vehicle (ZEV) technologies in last-mile delivery operations. Specifically, the study investigates the total cost of ownership and life cycle environmental impacts associated with last-mile deliveries, and compares the private and public costs of different vehicle powertrain and fuel pathways, under existing incentives in the State of California. The study analyzes driving patterns for several last-mile delivery vocations, including beverage, warehouse, parcel, grocery, food and local deliveries based on real-world truck travel data. Statistical analyses are conducted to compare driving patterns across vocations, vehicle classes, and powertrains, as well as across parcel carrier fleets. To better assess the role of the incentives, the study also provides a comparative estimate of the marginal health damages from life cycle emissions of criteria pollutants (e.g. $/ton). Our results suggest that parcel deliveries are characterized by short trips (95% less than 100 miles), a high number of stops, and lower average driving speeds compared to other delivery vocations. Total cost of ownership for conventional diesel Class 3 to 6 vehicles used in last mile applications were estimated to be approximately between $282 and $305 thousand dollars, with the cost of negative health impacts ranging from $38 to $64 thousand dollars over the vehicle lifetime. The results show that battery electric freight vehicles are cost competitive with conventional diesel vehicles, particularly for smaller (Class 3) light commercial vehicles. Available financial incentives were sufficient to offset additional purchase and fuel expenses, leading to lower total costs of ownership.

最后一英里交付通常发生在物流运营增加拥堵和排放以及相关道路相关健康影响的城市地区。本文评估了零排放和近零排放车辆 (ZEV) 技术在最后一英里交付操作中的激励作用。具体而言，该研究调查了与最后一英里交付相关的总拥有成本和生命周期环境影响，并在加利福尼亚州现有的激励措施下比较了不同车辆动力系统和燃料路径的私人和公共成本。该研究基于现实世界的卡车旅行数据分析了几种最后一英里交付职业的驾驶模式，包括饮料、仓库、包裹、杂货、食品和本地交付。进行统计分析以比较不同职业、车辆类别和动力系统以及包裹运输车队的驾驶模式。为了更好地评估激励措施的作用，该研究还对标准污染物的生命周期排放造成的边际健康损害进行了比较估计（例如美元/吨）。我们的结果表明，与其他投递职业相比，包裹投递的特点是短途旅行（95% 不到 100 英里）、停靠站次数多以及平均行驶速度较低。用于最后一英里应用的传统 3 至 6 类柴油车辆的总拥有成本估计约为 282 美元至 30.5 万美元，在车辆生命周期内对健康的负面影响成本从 38 美元至 64 千美元不等。结果表明，电池电动货运车辆与传统柴油车辆相比具有成本竞争力，特别是对于小型（3 类）轻型商用车。可用的财务激励措施足以抵消额外的采购和燃料费用，从而降低总拥有成本。