Infrared metasurface, especially that having a working range covering wavelengths from 0.75 to 25 μm, has been exploited as a revolutionary tool to manipulate the properties of electromagnetic waves owing to its potential applications in military and civilian fields. It owns the capacity to steer electromagnetic waves within subwavelength scale, with full degrees of freedom such as phase, amplitude and polarization, allowing the development of a number of planar meta-devices including the metalens, hologram, wave-plate and polarimeter. In particular, polarization, which determines the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, is important in almost every area of science. However, conventional materials for infrared polarization control inevitably introduce extra optical components and bulky configurations, hindering future miniaturization and integration. Moreover, compared with their short wavelength counterparts, polarization nanodevices in the infrared band and especially those in the long-wavelength infrared region have been far less explored due to the loss of material and immature fabrication techniques. Here, we review recent progress in the development of infrared metasurfaces in terms of generating, manipulating and detecting the polarization on standard and higher-order Poincaré spheres. The principles, typical strategies and emerging applications of these processes are introduced. We also discuss the challenges and outlook of future developments in this emerging field.

红外超表面，尤其是工作范围覆盖 0.75 至 25 μm 波长的超表面，由于其在军事和民用领域的潜在应用，已被用作操纵电磁波特性的革命性工具。它具有在亚波长范围内控制电磁波的能力，具有相位、幅度和极化等全自由度，允许开发许多平面元器件，包括元透镜、全息图、波片和偏振计。特别是，决定电磁波与物质相互作用的极化在几乎所有科学领域都很重要。然而，用于红外偏振控制的传统材料不可避免地会引入额外的光学元件和庞大的配置，阻碍了未来的小型化和集成化。此外，与它们的短波长对应物相比，由于材料的损失和不成熟的制造技术，红外波段的偏振纳米器件，特别是长波长红外区域的偏振纳米器件的研究较少。在这里，我们回顾了红外超表面在标准和高阶庞加莱球上产生、操纵和检测偏振方面的最新进展。介绍了这些过程的原理、典型策略和新兴应用。我们还讨论了这一新兴领域未来发展的挑战和前景。由于材料的损失和不成熟的制造技术，红外波段的偏振纳米器件，特别是长波长红外区域的偏振纳米器件的研究较少。在这里，我们回顾了红外超表面在标准和高阶庞加莱球上产生、操纵和检测偏振方面的最新进展。介绍了这些过程的原理、典型策略和新兴应用。我们还讨论了这一新兴领域未来发展的挑战和前景。由于材料的损失和不成熟的制造技术，红外波段的偏振纳米器件，特别是长波长红外区域的偏振纳米器件的研究较少。在这里，我们回顾了红外超表面在标准和高阶庞加莱球上产生、操纵和检测偏振方面的最新进展。介绍了这些过程的原理、典型策略和新兴应用。我们还讨论了这一新兴领域未来发展的挑战和前景。操纵和检测标准和高阶庞加莱球上的极化。介绍了这些过程的原理、典型策略和新兴应用。我们还讨论了这一新兴领域未来发展的挑战和前景。操纵和检测标准和高阶庞加莱球上的极化。介绍了这些过程的原理、典型策略和新兴应用。我们还讨论了这一新兴领域未来发展的挑战和前景。