New regulations aimed at reducing soil erosion along with changing building and residential codes are increasing sod demand, especially low-input species, which are currently in very short supply and require research.Replicated field experiments were established in Indiana and Minnesota to quantify the effect of turfgrass species (strong creeping red fescue [Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin], Chewings fescue [F. rubra ssp. commutata Gaudin], tall fescue [F. arundinacea Schreb.], and Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.]), seeding rate (1, 2, and 3 pure live seed cm⁻²), andN fertilization (98, 196, and 294 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) on the production, quality, and harvest limitations of sod. Sod strength and handling were measured at sod harvests from 11 to 24 months after planting (MAP). Results indicate that strong creeping red fescue produces quality sod, likely because of the fast establishment and rhizomatous growth habit, and had higher or similar sod strength as Kentucky bluegrass at optimum N rates. Optimum N rates for strong creeping red fescue were two to three times lower than Kentucky bluegrass. Chewings fescue had less sod strength than strong creeping red fescue but more than tall fescue, and at times similar to Kentucky bluegrass. Overall, turfgrass species had the largest effect on sod strength and handling, while seeding or N rates had less impact on sod strength, especially with fine fescues. Sod growers may be able to produce fine fescue sod with good sod strength using lower seeding and N rates, and shorter production periods.

中文翻译：

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草皮生产中凉季树种、播种量和施氮肥的调查：I. 建立和草皮抗拉强度

旨在减少水土流失的新法规以及不断变化的建筑和住宅规范正在增加草皮需求，尤其是低投入物种，这些物种目前非常短缺并需要研究。在印第安纳州和明尼苏达州建立了重复的田间试验，以量化草皮的影响草皮草物种（强匍匐紫羊茅[紫羊茅属亚种杨梅戈丹]，Chewings羊茅[ ˚F。杨梅SSP。commutata戈丹]，高羊茅[ ˚F。茅茅。]，和草地早熟禾[草地早熟禾L.]） , 播种率（1、2 和 3 纯活种子 cm ^-2)，和施氮肥（98、196 和 294 kg N ha ^-1  yr ^-1) 关于草皮的生产、质量和收获限制。在种植后 11 至 24 个月 (MAP) 收获草皮时测量草皮强度和处理。结果表明，强匍匐红羊茅产生优质草皮，可能是因为快速建立和根茎生长习性，并且在最佳施氮量下具有与肯塔基兰草更高或相似的草皮强度。强匍匐红羊茅的最佳氮肥率比肯塔基兰草低两到三倍。咀嚼羊茅的草皮强度低于强匍匐的红羊茅，但高于高羊茅，有时与肯塔基兰草相似。总体而言，草坪草种类对草皮强度和处理的影响最大，而播种或施氮量对草皮强度的影响较小，尤其是细羊茅。