Thermal anomalies related to large earthquakes are frequently reported, but focus on the inconsistencies and uncertainties in the uncovered results caused by the diverse method used, data used, and case studies is lacking. Taking seismic anomaly detection using passive microwave remote sensing as an example, this study revealed and illustrated the time series of microwave brightness temperature (MBT) anomaly associated with the May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the April 2010 Yushu earthquake, the April 2013 Lushan earthquake, and the April and May 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence. Cross comparison showed that the spatial distribution of MBT anomalies behaves differently with different background-removal methods. More regional and detailed MBT anomalies (but with weaker intensities) were obtained with higher frequency data, whereas more pronounced MBT anomalies (but with fewer details) were acquired with lower frequency data. The amplitude and spatial scales of MBT anomalies at H polarization were larger than that at V polarization. And 10.7 GHz at H polarization was recommended as the optimal band. The spatiotemporal evolutions of MBT anomalies associated with the four selected earthquake cases were compared and found to be closely related to respective earthquake preparation mechanisms. The aforementioned characteristics and uncertainties of MBT anomalies under different conditions were then discriminated and discussed based on microwave remote-sensing physics, and the applications and limitations of the present study were illustrated and analyzed. The findings of this study are of great significance for remote sensing data selection, reliability assessment, and result interpretation in seismic-anomaly research.

中文翻译：

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利用多时相无源微波卫星图像进行地震微波亮度温度异常检测：思路与局限

与大地震相关的热异常经常被报道，但缺乏对由于使用的方法、使用的数据和案例研究的不同而导致的未发现结果的不一致和不确定性的关注。本研究以被动微波遥感地震异常检测为例，揭示并说明了与2008年5月汶川地震、2010年4月玉树地震、2013年4月芦山地震和2013年4月芦山地震相关的微波亮温(MBT)异常时间序列。 2015 年 4 月和 5 月尼泊尔地震序列。交叉比较表明，MBT 异常的空间分布在不同的背景去除方法下表现不同。使用更高频率的数据获得了更多区域和详细的 MBT 异常（但强度较弱），而更明显的 MBT 异常（但细节较少）是用较低频率的数据获得的。H极化MBT异常的幅度和空间尺度大于V极化。H 极化的 10.7 GHz 被推荐为最佳频段。比较了与四个选定地震案例相关的 MBT 异常的时空演变，发现与各自的地震准备机制密切相关。然后基于微波遥感物理学对不同条件下MBT异常的上述特征和不确定性进行了区分和讨论，并说明和分析了本研究的应用和局限性。本研究结果对遥感数据选择、可靠性评估、