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Artificial refuges for wildlife conservation: what is the state of the science?
Biological Reviews ( IF 10.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-16 , DOI: 10.1111/brv.12776
Mitchell A Cowan 1 , Michael N Callan 1, 2 , Maggie J Watson 1 , David M Watson 1 , Tim S Doherty 3, 4 , Damian R Michael 1 , Judy A Dunlop 1, 5, 6 , James M Turner 1 , Harry A Moore 1 , Darcy J Watchorn 4 , Dale G Nimmo 1
Affiliation  

Artificial refuges are human-made structures that aim to create safe places for animals to breed, hibernate, or take shelter in lieu of natural refuges. Artificial refuges are used across the globe to mitigate the impacts of a variety of threats on wildlife, such as habitat loss and degradation. However, there is little understanding of the science underpinning artificial refuges, and what comprises best practice for artificial refuge design and implementation for wildlife conservation. We address this gap by undertaking a systematic review of the current state of artificial refuge research for the conservation of wildlife. We identified 224 studies of artificial refuges being implemented in the field to conserve wildlife species. The current literature on artificial refuges is dominated by studies of arboreal species, primarily birds and bats. Threatening processes addressed by artificial refuges were biological resource use (26%), invasive or problematic species (20%), and agriculture (15%), yet few studies examined artificial refuges specifically for threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered) species (7%). Studies often reported the characteristics of artificial refuges (i.e. refuge size, construction materials; 87%) and surrounding vegetation (35%), but fewer studies measured the thermal properties of artificial refuges (18%), predator activity (17%), or food availability (3%). Almost all studies measured occupancy of the artificial refuges by target species (98%), and over half measured breeding activity (54%), whereas fewer included more detailed measures of fitness, such as breeding productivity (34%) or animal body condition (4%). Evaluating the benefits and impacts of artificial refuges requires sound experimental design, but only 39% of studies compared artificial refuges to experimental controls, and only 10% of studies used a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. As a consequence, few studies of artificial refuges can determine their overall effect on individuals or populations. We outline a series of key steps in the design, implementation, and monitoring of artificial refuges that are required to avoid perverse outcomes and maximise the chances of achieving conservation objectives. This review highlights a clear need for increased rigour in studies of artificial refuges if they are to play an important role in wildlife conservation.

中文翻译:

野生动物保护的人工避难所:科学现状如何?

人工避难所是人造结构,旨在为动物创造安全的繁殖、冬眠或避难所,以代替自然避难所。全球范围内使用人工避难所来减轻各种威胁对野生动物的影响,例如栖息地丧失和退化。然而,对于支撑人工避难所的科学,以及人工避难所设计和野生动物保护实施的最佳实践,人们知之甚少。我们通过系统评价保护野生动物的人工避难所研究现状来解决这一差距。我们确定了 224 项在野外实施的人工避难所研究,以保护野生动物物种。目前关于人工避难所的文献主要是对树栖物种的研究,主要是鸟类和蝙蝠。人工避难所解决的威胁过程是生物资源利用(26%)、入侵或有问题的物种(20%)和农业(15%),但很少有研究专门针对受威胁(易危、濒危或极度濒危)物种检查人工避难所(7%)。研究经常报告人工避难所的特征(即避难所大小、建筑材料;87%)和周围植被(35%),但测量人工避难所的热特性(18%)、捕食者活动(17%)或食物供应(3%)。几乎所有研究都测量了目标物种对人工避难所的占用率(98%),超过一半的研究测量了繁殖活动(54%),而很少有研究包括更详细的适应性测量,例如繁殖生产力(34%)或动物身体状况( 4%)。评估人工避难所的好处和影响需要合理的实验设计,但只有 39% 的研究将人工避难所与实验对照进行了比较,只有 10% 的研究使用了控制影响前后 (BACI) 设计。因此,很少有关于人工避难所的研究可以确定它们对个人或人群的总体影响。我们概述了人工避难所的设计、实施和监测的一系列关键步骤,这些步骤是避免不良后果和最大限度地提高实现保护目标的机会所必需的。这篇综述强调,如果人工避难所要在野生动物保护中发挥重要作用,就需要加强对人工避难所的研究。但只有 39% 的研究将人工避难所与实验对照进行了比较,只有 10% 的研究使用了前后对照(BACI)设计。因此,很少有关于人工避难所的研究可以确定它们对个人或人群的总体影响。我们概述了人工避难所的设计、实施和监测的一系列关键步骤,这些步骤是避免不良后果和最大限度地提高实现保护目标的机会所必需的。这篇综述强调,如果人工避难所要在野生动物保护中发挥重要作用,就需要加强对人工避难所的研究。但只有 39% 的研究将人工避难所与实验对照进行了比较,只有 10% 的研究使用了前后对照(BACI)设计。因此,很少有关于人工避难所的研究可以确定它们对个人或人群的总体影响。我们概述了人工避难所的设计、实施和监测的一系列关键步骤,这些步骤是避免不良后果和最大限度地提高实现保护目标的机会所必需的。这篇综述强调,如果人工避难所要在野生动物保护中发挥重要作用,就需要加强对人工避难所的研究。我们概述了人工避难所的设计、实施和监测的一系列关键步骤,这些步骤是避免不良后果和最大限度地提高实现保护目标的机会所必需的。这篇综述强调,如果人工避难所要在野生动物保护中发挥重要作用,就需要加强对人工避难所的研究。我们概述了设计、实施和监测人工避难所的一系列关键步骤,这些步骤是避免不良后果和最大限度地实现保护目标的机会。这篇综述强调,如果人工避难所要在野生动物保护中发挥重要作用,就需要加强对人工避难所的研究。
更新日期:2021-07-16
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