Purpose This paper examines perceived labor market earnings among adolescents and their parents by gender and caste. Previous research has established that lower subjective expectations of labor market returns among parents affect educational investment. Likewise, subjective expectations of adolescents about labor market returns are likely to affect their commitment to their education. In the labor market, gender and caste biases manifest itself in terms of lower wages for women and persons from marginalized communities. The authors ask if perceived earnings among adolescents and their parents vary by caste and gender over and above their intrinsic ability. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a unique dataset on adolescents that has been recently collected (2013-2015) by ASER Centre, the research and assessment wing of Pratham Education Foundation for the analysis. To answer the research question posed in the paper, they use standard OLS and quantile regression techniques. Findings Results confirm that girls have lower expected earnings than boys. Caste differences appear more rigid in Bihar. Research limitations/implications The authors recognize that the results presented do not take into consideration the issue of selection bias. Hence, they are applicable not to the average adolescents in the study districts, but only to those who reported expected earnings. That said, they do not think that this technical limitation dilutes the broad policy conclusions emerging from the study. Originality/value The paper uses cognition as a measure of an adolescent’s intrinsic ability. Therein lays the uniqueness of the paper. It brings into the discussion on expected earnings test scores as a measure of an adolescent’s cognitive ability. It is also unique in that it focuses on adolescents in the age group of 11-16 years who are likely to join the labor force in few years. Previous discussion of subjective expectations in India did not include any measure to capture cognitive ability and did not focus exclusively on adolescents.

中文翻译：

---

劳动力市场的不平等：边缘化青年和女孩的感知回报较低

目的 本文按性别和种姓调查青少年及其父母对劳动力市场收入的看法。先前的研究已经确定，父母对劳动力市场回报的主观预期较低会影响教育投资。同样，青少年对劳动力市场回报的主观期望可能会影响他们对教育的承诺。在劳动力市场，性别和种姓偏见表现为妇女和边缘化社区人员的工资较低。作者询问青少年及其父母的感知收入是否因种姓和性别而异，超出了他们的内在能力。设计/方法/途径 作者使用了 ASER 中心最近收集（2013-2015）的关于青少年的独特数据集，Pratham 教育基金会的研究和评估部门进行分析。为了回答论文中提出的研究问题，他们使用了标准的 OLS 和分位数回归技术。结果 结果证实，女孩的预期收入低于男孩。比哈尔邦的种姓差异显得更加严格。研究局限性/影响 作者认识到所呈现的结果并未考虑选择偏倚问题。因此，它们不适用于研究区的普通青少年，而仅适用于那些报告预期收入的人。也就是说，他们不认为这种技术限制会淡化研究中得出的广泛政策结论。原创性/价值 该论文使用认知作为衡量青少年内在能力的指标。纸张的独特性就在于此。它引入了关于预期收入测试分数作为衡量青少年认知能力的讨论。它的独特之处还在于它侧重于可能在几年内加入劳动力的 11-16 岁年龄段的青少年。之前对印度主观期望的讨论没有包括任何衡量认知能力的措施，也没有专门针对青少年。