Most studies of the effect of religiosity on volunteering overlook or fail to deal adequately with the possibility that there is reverse causal relation, from volunteering to religiosity, which should be taken into account. Using four waves of the Americans’ Changing Lives study, we estimate a reciprocal relationship between church attendance and religious and secular volunteering, using dynamic panel models with fixed effects using structural equation modeling and measuring both lagged and proximate effects. Religious service attendance increases future religious volunteering via its proximate effect on religious volunteering while religious volunteering has cross-lagged and proximate effects on both religious service attendance and secular volunteering. On the other hand, there are neither cross-lagged nor proximate effects between church going and secular volunteering. Religious and secular types of volunteering are reciprocally related, suggesting religious people are drawn into secular work not only directly, but also via their volunteer work for religious organizations.

中文翻译：

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宗教信仰和志愿服务之间是否存在双向因果关系？

大多数关于宗教信仰对志愿服务影响的研究都忽略或未能充分处理从志愿服务到宗教信仰之间存在反向因果关系的可能性，这一点应予以考虑。使用美国改变生活研究的四波，我们使用具有固定效应的动态面板模型，使用结构方程模型并测量滞后效应和近似效应，估计教堂出席率与宗教和世俗志愿服务之间的相互关系。宗教服务出席通过其对宗教志愿服务的直接影响增加了未来的宗教志愿服务，而宗教志愿服务对宗教服务出席和世俗志愿服务具有交叉滞后和直接影响。另一方面，去教会和世俗志愿服务之间既没有交叉滞后也没有直接影响。宗教和世俗类型的志愿服务相互关联，这表明宗教人士不仅直接参与世俗工作，而且还通过他们为宗教组织的志愿工作而被吸引。