The aim of this study was to test a longitudinal, transactional model that describes how social withdrawal and friendship development are interrelated in late adolescence, and to investigate if post-secondary transitions are catalysts of change for highly withdrawn adolescents’ friendships. Unilateral friendship data of 1,019 adolescents (61.3% female, 91% Dutch-origin) from the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohort were collected five times from ages 17 to 18 years. Social withdrawal was assessed at 16 and 19 years. The transactional model was tested within a Structural Equation Modeling framework, with intercepts and slopes of friendship quantity, quality, and stability as mediators and residential transitions, education transitions, and sex as moderators. The results confirmed the presence of a transactional relation between withdrawal and friendship quality. Whereas higher age 16 withdrawal predicted having fewer, lower-quality, and less-stable friendships, only having lower-quality friendships, in turn, predicted higher age 19 withdrawal, especially in girls. Residential transitions were catalysts of change for highly withdrawn youth's number of friends: higher withdrawal predicted a moderate increase in number of friends for adolescents who relocated, and no change for those who made an educational transition or did not transition. Taken together, these results indicate that the quality of friendships—over and above number of friends and the stability of those friendships—is particularly important for entrenching or diminishing withdrawal in late adolescence, and that relocating provides an opportunity for withdrawn late adolescents to expand their friendship networks.

中文翻译：

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质量胜于数量：青春期后期社交退缩和友谊发展的交易模型

本研究的目的是测试一个纵向的交易模型，该模型描述了青春期后期社交退缩和友谊发展如何相互关联，并调查中学后过渡是否是高度退缩青少年友谊变化的催化剂。追踪青少年个人生活调查 (TRAILS) 队列的 1,019 名青少年（61.3% 为女性，91% 为荷兰裔）的单方面友谊数据在 17 至 18 岁期间被收集了五次。社会退缩在 16 岁和 19 岁时进行了评估。交易模型在结构方程建模框架内进行了测试，以友谊数量、质量和稳定性的截距和斜率作为中介，住宅转型、教育转型和性别作为中介。结果证实了退出和友谊质量之间存在交易关系。虽然较高的 16 岁戒断预示着较少、较低质量和较不稳定的友谊，但只有较低质量的友谊反过来预测较高的 19 岁戒断，尤其是在女孩中。住所转变是高度孤僻青少年朋友数量变化的催化剂：较高的退缩预示着搬迁青少年的朋友数量适度增加，而对于那些进行教育转型或未转型的青少年来说没有变化。综上所述，这些结果表明，友谊的质量——超过朋友的数量和这些友谊的稳定性——对于巩固或减少青春期后期的退缩尤为重要，