Abstract

Extremophiles are microorganisms that are able to live in extreme conditions like temperature, salt, pressure, lack of nutrition, alkalinity or acidity. Based on these parameters they are classified as thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles, etc. These microorganisms are able to thrive in harsh environment due to presence of special enzymes called extremozymes and these enzymes have found importance in various biotechnological as well as industrial applications. Cellulase is the third largest industrial enzyme as it can degrade cellulose the common natural polymer. They are also involved in the conversion of lignocellulose into glucose units which are further used in the production of bioethanol, biostoning of denim, biopolishing, increasing softness and lustre of textile fibers. Extremophiles like Pseudo alteromonas sp. DY3, Thermus thermophilus HB8, Roseithermus sacchariphilus Strain RA, Alkali bacillus sp. NM-Da2 are producers of cellulase, amylase, xylanase, protease respectively. Enzymes in general have found application in various industries like food, pharmaceuticals, textile, detergent, beverages, paper, and leather. The enzymes that find application in textile is for the purpose of hydrolysing fats, removal of lubricants, thereby increasing the absorbancy and level of dyeing by pigment, reducing cracks and desizing of denim, bioscouring, removal of starch, bleach textile. Protein engineering and other technologies can be used to improve the extremozyme production and for heterologous expression of protein in mesophilic host. Use of extremozymes in industry is beneficial as they are non-toxic, eco-friendly and can work in varied environment conditions.

摘要

极端微生物是能够在极端条件下生存的微生物，例如温度、盐分、压力、缺乏营养、碱度或酸度。基于这些参数，它们被分类为嗜热菌、嗜盐菌、嗜酸菌、嗜碱菌等。由于存在称为极酶的特殊酶，这些微生物能够在恶劣的环境中繁衍生息，这些酶在各种生物技术和工业应用中都具有重要意义。纤维素酶是第三大工业酶，因为它可以降解常见的天然聚合物纤维素。它们还参与将木质纤维素转化为葡萄糖单元，葡萄糖单元进一步用于生物乙醇的生产、牛仔布的生物石化、生物抛光、增加纺织纤维的柔软度和光泽。极端主义者喜欢假交替单胞菌属 DY3, Thermus thermophilus HB8, Roseithermus sacchariphilus Strain RA,碱杆菌NM-Da2分别是纤维素酶、淀粉酶、木聚糖酶、蛋白酶的生产者。一般来说，酶已在食品、制药、纺织、洗涤剂、饮料、造纸和皮革等各种行业中得到应用。在纺织品中应用的酶是为了水解脂肪、去除润滑剂，从而提高颜料染色的吸收性和水平、减少牛仔布的裂缝和退浆、生物煮炼、去除淀粉、漂白纺织品。蛋白质工程和其他技术可用于提高极酶的产生和蛋白质在嗜温宿主中的异源表达。在工业中使用极酶是有益的，因为它们无毒、环保并且可以在各种环境条件下工作。