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Lithological mapping of Waiotapu Geothermal Field (New Zealand) using hyperspectral and thermal remote sensing and ground exploration techniques
Geothermics ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-14 , DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102195
C. Rodriguez-Gomez 1 , G. Kereszturi 1 , R. Reeves 2 , A. Rae 2 , R. Pullanagari 3 , P. Jeyakumar 1 , J. Procter 1
Affiliation  

Hydrothermal systems develop secondary mineral assemblages due to rock and fluid interactions. Such minerals can be identified on the surface and mapped using hyperspectral imaging and thermal remote sensing to complement geothermal exploration and monitoring. These methods are effective in detecting hydrothermal alteration and thermal anomalies of extensive areas, faster and cheaper than ground-based mapping alone. Here, we study the Waiotapu Geothermal Field, located in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, to demonstrate the capability of such remote sensing tools for mapping surface hydrothermal lithologies and geothermal features. Application of remote sensing techniques to study the Waiotapu Geothermal Field is an optimal alternative as the site is protected for its sinter deposition springs, geysers, vulnerable geothermal features and rare thermotolerant vegetation. Airborne hyperspectral and thermal remote sensing data were complemented with 75 soil and rock samples for ground truth. These samples have been analysed using Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to constrain alteration mineralogy and bulk rock geochemistry. Lithological maps created through Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised classifications using the airborne hyperspectral data benchmarked against independent image- and ground-based validation data. Three main lithologies were mapped out, including silica sinter deposits, mixed alteration zones, and acid-sulphate alteration at 57.3% for SAM and 87.5% for SVM overall accuracy. The lithological classes have been analysed using the thermal imagery, which confirmed strong spatial heterogeneity of surface heat sources and overall higher surface temperatures for acid-sulphate alteration zones. Through Principal Component Analysis, enrichment of Ag, Au, S and Sb are found to be located around the Champagne Pool, which is where the near-neutral pH high-chloride fluids discharge at surface. The combination of airborne hyperspectral and thermal imagery with ground-based methods applied at Waiotapu Geothermal Field for the first time, can provide new data to understand the hydrothermal system and confirm that such methods are useful for geothermal initial reconnaissance surveys.



中文翻译:

使用高光谱和热遥感以及地面勘探技术对 Waiotapu 地热田(新西兰)进行岩性测绘

由于岩石和流体的相互作用,热液系统会形成次生矿物组合。此类矿物可以在地表识别,并使用高光谱成像和热遥感绘制地图,以补充地热勘探和监测。这些方法可以有效地检测大面积区域的热液蚀变和热异常,比单独的地面测绘更快、更便宜。在这里,我们研究了位于新西兰陶波火山区的怀奥塔普地热田,以展示此类遥感工具绘制地表热液岩性和地热特征的能力。应用遥感技术研究 Waiotapu 地热田是一个最佳选择,因为该场地因其烧结沉积泉、间歇泉、脆弱的地热特征和罕见的耐热植被。机载高光谱和热遥感数据辅以 75 个土壤和岩石样本,用于地面实况。这些样品已使用可见近红外 (VNIR) 和短波红外 (SWIR) 光谱、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 与能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDS) 和电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP-MS) 进行分析,以限制改变矿物学和大块岩石地球化学。通过光谱角度映射器 (SAM) 和支持向量机 (SVM) 监督分类使用机载高光谱数据创建的岩性图以独立的图像和地面验证数据为基准。绘制了三种主要岩性,包括硅质烧结矿床、混合蚀变带、SAM 和 SVM 总体准确度分别为 57.3% 和 87.5%。已经使用热成像分析了岩性类别,这证实了表面热源的强烈空间异质性和酸性硫酸盐蚀变带的整体较高表面温度。通过主成分分析,发现Ag、Au、S和Sb的富集位于香槟池周围,这是接近中性pH值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可为了解热液系统提供新数据,并证实此类方法可用于地热初步勘察。已经使用热成像分析了岩性类别,这证实了表面热源的强烈空间异质性和酸性硫酸盐蚀变带的整体较高表面温度。通过主成分分析,发现Ag、Au、S和Sb的富集位于香槟池周围,这是接近中性pH值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可为了解热液系统提供新数据,并证实此类方法可用于地热初步勘察。已经使用热成像分析了岩性类别,这证实了表面热源的强烈空间异质性和酸性硫酸盐蚀变带的整体较高表面温度。通过主成分分析,发现Ag、Au、S和Sb的富集位于香槟池周围,这是接近中性pH值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可为了解热液系统提供新数据,并证实此类方法可用于地热初步勘察。这证实了表面热源的强烈空间异质性和酸性硫酸盐蚀变带整体较高的表面温度。通过主成分分析,发现Ag、Au、S和Sb的富集位于香槟池周围,这是接近中性pH值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可为了解热液系统提供新数据,并证实此类方法可用于地热初步勘察。这证实了表面热源的强烈空间异质性和酸性硫酸盐蚀变带整体较高的表面温度。通过主成分分析,发现Ag、Au、S和Sb的富集位于香槟池周围,这是接近中性pH值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可以为了解热液系统提供新数据,并证实这些方法对地热初步勘察调查有用。这是接近中性 pH 值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可以为了解热液系统提供新的数据,并证实这些方法对地热初步勘测是有用的。这是接近中性 pH 值的高氯化物流体在地表排放的地方。机载高光谱和热成像与地基方法相结合首次应用于怀奥塔普地热田,可以为了解热液系统提供新的数据,并证实这些方法对地热初步勘测是有用的。

更新日期:2021-07-15
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